Introduction to Communications
Watch Tower System
ºX¸¹
Comm. System Used by Alexander the Great
Mechanical Telegraph
Samophore of Chappe's Telegraph
Samophore Positions of Chappe's Telegraph
French Mechanical Telegraph
Mechanical Telegraph Used in Crimean War
Admiralty Shutter Telegraph
Admiralty Shutter Telegraph System in 1814
Watson's Telegraph
Electrical Telegraph
Electrical Telegraph Model
Charge of Electrical Telegraph in 1858
Morse Code and SOS
Electrical Telegraph Operators in 1892
Electrical Telegraph Operators in 1892
Can Phone
Antonio Meucci
Alexander Graham Bell
Telephone Network Components
Evolution of Phone Set
Telephone Pole
Telephone Pole
Telephone Pole
Switch Board
Evolution of Communication Technology
Transmission
Transmission Media
¼vÅT¹q¤l«H¸¹¦b¾É½u¤¤¶Ç¿é®Ä²vªº¦]¯À
¹qªý
¹qºÏ¤zÂZ
±H¥Í¹q®e
¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Twisted Pair Cable
Âùµ±½uªº½u§÷µ¥¯Å
¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Cable
¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Fiber Optics
¥úÅÖÀu©ó¹q½uªºì¦]
¶Ç¿é½u¤§¶Ç¿é¯S©Ê
¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Micro Wave
¶Ç¿é½u¤§·l¯Ó
¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Infrared, Laser
Comparison of Transmission Medias
¹q®e¹q·P¤Î¥æ¬y¹q¸ô
±H¥Í¹q®e
Loading Coil
Signal
Sinusoidal Wave Signal
Voice Signal
Decibels (dB) and dBm
dBm Example
Gain and Attenuation
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Noise, Interference, SNR
Bandwidth
¹q¸Ü¨t²Î«~½èªº¶q«×
Time Domain vs. Frequency Domain Voice Spectrum
What is Frequency Domain Spectrum?
Why use Frequency Domain Spectrum?
Fourier Series
Fourier Series - Explain
Fourier Series - Explain
Fourier Series - Square Pulse
Fourier Series - Square Wave
Fourier Series - Square Wave
¿Óªi
Fourier Series - Square Wave
Fourier Series - Harmonic
Fourier Series - Harmonic
Fourier Series - Harmonic
Fourier Series - Harmonic
Fourier Series - Harmonic
Fourier Series - Harmonic
Âoªi¾¹
°T¸¹¶Ç°e
Signal Impairment
CrossTalk
Echo
Active Noice Cancellation
Echo
Echo Cancellation
°T¸¹¶Ç°e§Þ³N
Noise
Effect of Noise
°òÀW»P¼eÀW¶Ç¿é
¼Æ¦ì¡AÃþ¤ñ¡A°òÀW¡A¼eÀW
Amplitude and Frequency Modulation
Modulation (½ÕÅÜ)
Modulation (½ÕÅÜ)
Modulation (½ÕÅÜ)
¼eÀW¶Ç¿é»Pªø¶ZÂ÷³q°T
Eye Pattern
Acronyms ±M¦³¦Wµü¹ï·Óªí
Acronyms ±M¦³¦Wµü¹ï·Óªí
Acronyms ±M¦³¦Wµü¹ï·Óªí
Acronyms ±M¦³¦Wµü¹ï·Óªí
Acronyms ±M¦³¦Wµü¹ï·Óªí
ÀW¼e
³Ì¤jÀW¼e - Shannon²z½×
Bandwidth Table
ÀW¼e»Ý¨D
¡]³t«×³W®æ) ÀW¼e³W®æ
ÀW¼e»P³t«×
ÀW¼e»P³t«×
ÀW¼e»P³t«×
¤j¶ZÂ÷
¤p¶ZÂ÷
¦h¤u (Multiplexing)
¦h¤u (Multiplexing)
Time Division Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing
Synchronous vs. Asynchronous
Spectrum
Spectrum Allocation - US
Spectrum Allocation - Singapo
¹q¸ÜÁnµ«~½è¤§¶q«×
¹q¸Ü¨t²Î«~½èªº¶q«×
¹q¸ÜÁnµ¤§«~½èn¨D
¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¹ï Delay ¤§®e§Ô«×
Voice Spectrum
Analog to Digital
Sampling Frequency
Sampling Frequency - Nyquist Theorem
Sampling of Telephone and CD
Quantization Error
PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)
PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
¸ê®Æ½s½X§Þ¥©
Telecom Services
Network Management
Untitled Document
Introduction to Communications
Delivery of messages from sender to receiver
Ánµ
¤HÁn¡A¹ªÁn¡AÆrÁn¡Ax¸¹
¥ú
xºX¡AºX»y¡A ¿O¸¹¡A ²l¤õ
¹q
¹q¬y¡A µL½u¹qªi
Examples of Communication Networks
²l¤õ»O
Åæ¯¸¨t²Î
Mechanical Telegraph
Electrical Telegraph
Telephone Network
Tue Jun 13 18:53:23 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:23 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:23 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Comm. System Used by Alexander the Great
Tue Jun 13 18:53:23 CST 2023
Untitled Document
The first crude telegraph system was made without electricity.
It was a
system of semaphores, or tall poles with movable arms, and other
signaling
apparatus, set within physical sight of one another.
There was such a telegraph line between Dover and London at
during the Battle
of Waterloo; that related the news of the battle, which had come
to Dover by
ship, to an anxious London, when a fog set in (obscuring the
line of sight)
and the Londoners had to wait until a courier on horseback
arrived.
Tue Jun 13 18:53:24 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Samophore of Chappe's Telegraph
Tue Jun 13 18:53:24 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Samophore Positions of Chappe's Telegraph
Tue Jun 13 18:53:24 CST 2023
Untitled Document
French Mechanical Telegraph
Tue Jun 13 18:53:24 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Mechanical Telegraph Used in Crimean War
Tue Jun 13 18:53:24 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Admiralty Shutter Telegraph
Tue Jun 13 18:53:24 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Admiralty Shutter Telegraph System in 1814
Tue Jun 13 18:53:24 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Positions of Watson's Samaphore
Tue Jun 13 18:53:24 CST 2023
Untitled Document
The honor for this invention falls to Samuel Finley Breese
Morse. Other
inventors had discovered the principles of the telegraph, but
Samuel Morse
was the first to perceive the practical significance of those
facts; and was
the first to take steps to make a practical invention; which
took him twelve
long years of work.
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Electrical Telegraph Model
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Charge of Electrical Telegraph in 1858
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023
Untitled Document
encode characters in dits and dashes
three dits, three dashes, the dits
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Electrical Telegraph Operators in 1892
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Electrical Telegraph Operators in 1892
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023
Untitled Document
A Theater stage technician born in Florence, Italy in 1808
File a patent caveat in 1871, but couldn't affort $10 annual renewal fee
On Sep. 25, 2001 the Unite State House of
Representatives passed a resolution honoring him
for his "work in the invention of the telephone,"
noting that. "Where as if Meucci had been able to
pay the $10 fee to maintian the caveat after 1974,
no patent could have been issued to Bell."
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023
Untitled Document
(3 March 1847 ¡V 2 August 1922)
Own the first telephone patent
was an eminent
scientist, inventor and innovator who is credited with the
invention of the
telephone.
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Telephone Network Components
Terminal (Customer-Premises Equipment, CPE)
telephones, DSL modems, cable modems, set-top boxes, etc.
±N«H¸¹¦b media ¤W¶Ç°eªº¤S§Ö¤S¦n
±N³q¸Ü¦U¤èterminal ³s±µ°_¨Ó
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Cordless Telephone Internal
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Broadway and John Street, New York, 1890
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Switch Board, London, 1926
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Evolution of Communication Technology
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Ó¤H¨Ï¥Îªº Media Player (MP3 Player) ªº¦Õ¾÷½u¦³¦hªø?
¦pªG¦Õ¾÷½u¦³¼Æ¤½¨½ªø¡AÁnµªº«~½è¯à«O«ù¶Ü?
¤@¹ï¹q¸Ü¤§¶¡ªº¶ZÂ÷¡A³q±`¦³¼Æ¤½¨½¤§»»¡A©|¯à«O«ù²M´·ªº³q¸Ü«~½è¡A
How to do it?
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Transmission Media ³Ì±`³QÃöª`ªº³W®æ¬° ¡uÀW¼e¡v
¶W¹L¬Y¤@Media¤§ÀW¼e¤Wªº«H¸¹¦b¸Ó´CÅé¤W¶Ç¿é¡A
±µ¦¬ºÝ±N±o¨ì«~½è§C¤Uªº«H¸¹¡C
¤£¯à¶Ç°e¶W¹LÀW¼e¤Wªº«H¸¹
«H¸¹ªº°I´îÀHµÛ«H¸¹ÀW²vªº´£°ª¦Ó¼W¥[
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¼vÅT¹q¤l«H¸¹¦b¾É½u¤¤¶Ç¿é®Ä²vªº¦]¯À
¼vÅT¦]¯À ®ÄªG
¹qªý
¨Ï«H¸¹±j«×¡]©Î«H¸¹¯à¶q)°I´î
¥~¬É¹qºÏ¤zÂZ
²£¥Í¾¸µ
±H¥Í¹q®e
¨Ï«H¸¹º|¥¢(«H¸¹ªºº|¥¢ÀHµÛ«H¸¹ÀW²v¤§¼W¥[¦Ó¼W¥[)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:27 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¾É¹qª÷ÄÝ »È > »É > ¾T > Others
Tue Jun 13 18:53:27 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¥~¬É¹qºÏ³õªºÅܤƷ|¦b¾É½u¤¤²£¥Í¤zÂZ«H¸¹ -> Åܦ¨¾¸µ
¨Ò¦p¡A³â¥z½u¾aªñ¤j¥\²v¹q·½½u®É¡A¥i¯à·|²£¥Í 60Hz óÁn
¸¾÷©Î¨T¨®¤ÞÀº¤õªá·|¦b§C«~½è¹qµø¾÷²£¥Í³·ªá
¦æ°Ê¹q¸Ü¤â¾÷¨Ó¹q®É¡A¹q¸£³â¥z·|¶Ç¥XÂøµ
¶Ç°e«H¸¹ªº¾É½u¥i¥Î¹jÂ÷½u°§C¹qºÏ¤zÂZ
¹q¤l³]³Æ§¡»Ý³q¹L¹qºÏ¤zÂZ´ú¸Õ¤£¯àµo¥X¹L¶q¹qºÏªi¤~¯àµo°â¡C
Tue Jun 13 18:53:27 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¹q®e¾¹ì²z
±H¥Í¹q®e
Tue Jun 13 18:53:27 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Twisted Pair Cable
Âùµ±½u¥]§t¦³¤G±øµ±¦b¤@°_¡B¤¬¬Ûµ´½tªº¾É½u¡A
¹ïµ±ªº¥Dn¥Øªº¬O
°§C±H¥Í¹q®e and EMI
¥H¥Ø«eªº§Þ³N¡A¦b100 ¤½¤Ø¥H¤ºªºÂùµ±½u¡A¥i¥H¹F¨ì10~100 Mbps ªº¶Ç¿é³t²v
¨Ï¥ÎÂùµ±½uªº¨Ò¤l¡GEthernet 10BaseT
Âùµ±½u¤]¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¦b¦p FDDI ªº°ª³tºô¸ô¤W¡A¦p¡GTPFDDI¡A
¨Ï¥Î UTP level 5 ªºÂùµ±½u
Tue Jun 13 18:53:27 CST 2023
Untitled Document
µ¥¯Å ¶Ç¿é³t²v ±`¨£¥Î³~
Category 1
2 Mbps
»yµ³q °T
Category 2
4 Mbps
»yµ³q°T¡B4Mbps°O¸¹Àô(Token Ring)ºô
Category 3
16 Mbps
10BaseT¡B16Mbps°O¸¹Àôºô
Category 4
20Mbps
100BaseT4¡B16Mbps°O¸¹Àôºô
Category 5
100 Mbps
100BaseTX
Category 5e
1000 Mbps
1000BaseT
Category 6
2400 Mbps
1000BaseT
Tue Jun 13 18:53:27 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¦P¶b¹qÆl¥]§t¤º¥~¨â¼h¾ÉÅé¡A¤¤¶¡«h¬°µ´½tªº§÷®Æ¡A
¤¤¶¡«H¸¹½uª½®|¤§²Ê²Ó¨M©w¹qªý¤j¤p
¦a½u°µ¦¨ª÷Äݺô¡A¥i«Ì½ª¹qºÏ¤zÂZ
«H¸¹½u»P¦a½u¤§¶¡ªº¹jÂ÷§÷½è¥i°§C±H¥Í¹q®e
°Ï°ìºô¸ô¨Ï¥Îªº¦P¶b¹qÆl¥Dn¦³¨âºØ³W®æ¡G
75 ¼Ú©i
¥Î¨Ó¶Ç°e baseband ¼Æ¦ì°T¸¹¡A
³t²v¤j¬ù¬° 10Mbps¡A
¶Ç¿éªº½d³ò¤j¬ù¬°¼Æ¤½¨½,
¥i±µ100³¡¥H¤W¹q¸£
50 ¼Ú©i
¥Î¨Ó¶Ç°e broadband Ãþ¤ñ°T¸¹(»PCATV¦P)¡A
ÀW¼e¬ù¬° 300~400MHZ¡A
¥§¡¨CÓÀW¹DÀW¼e¡G6MHZ/channel¡A
¥§¡¨CÓÀW¹D¶Ç¿é³t²v¡G20Mbps/channel¡A
¶Ç¿éªº½d³ò¤j¬ù¬°¼Æ¤½¨½¡A
¥i±µ1000³¡¥H¤W¹q¸£
Tue Jun 13 18:53:27 CST 2023
Untitled Document
°ò¥»µ²ºc¥]§t¤@±ø¥úÅÖ¥H¤Îµ´½t«OÅ@µ¥§÷®Æ
µo¥ú¤G·¥Åé (LED)
¹p®g¤G·¥Åé(Laser)
±µ¦¬¾¹±N±µ¦¬¨ìªº¥úªiÂà´«¦¨Ãþ¤ñ©Î¼Æ¦ì°T¸¹¡C
¥úÅÖªº¤¤¤ß¬°¤@¬Á¼þ¬W(core)¡A¥~¼h«h¥~¥]¬Á¼þ¼h(§é®g²v¤j ©ócore)
¾A©óªø¶ZÂ÷¡B°ª³t²v(100 ¤½¨½¥H¤W, 500 Mbps ¥H¤W) ªº¸ê®Æ¶Ç¿é
¥úÅÖ¶Ç»¼ªº¬O¥ú°T¸¹¡A¦]¦¹¨S¦³¹qºÏªi¤zÂZªº°ÝÃD
¥úÅÖªºÃþ«¬¦³³æ¼Ò¥úÅ֤Φh¼Ò¥úÅÖ¡C
³æ¼Ò¥úÅÖ (Single Mode Fiber, SMF)
¶bªäª½®|¸û²Ó¡A¬ù 5 ~ 10 ·L¦Ì¡A¾A¦Xªø¶ZÂ÷¶Ç¿é¡A
»ù®æ©ù¶Q¡A´²®g²v¤p¡A¶Ç¿é®Ä¯à·¥¨Î¡C
¦h¼Ò¦¡¥úÅÖ (Multi Mode Fiber, MMF)
¶bªäª½ ®| ¬ù 50 ~ 100
·L¦Ì¡A¾A¦Xµu¶ZÂ÷¶Ç¿é¡A»ù®æ¸û§C¡A¶Ç¿é®Ä²v²¤®t©ó³æ
¼Ò¦¡¥úÅÖ¡C
Tue Jun 13 18:53:27 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¨S¦³¹qªý - ª½®|¥i¤j´TÁY¤p
¨S¦³±H¥Í¹q®e - ¥i¥H¤j´T´£°ªÀW¼e
Â_ÂI±µÄò§xÃø¡Aºû×¶O¥Î©ù¶Q
Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Âùµ±½u Base Band Coaxial Cable
Broad Band Coaxial Cable
¥úÅÖ
ÀW¼e
1~1000M
10~100M
300~750M
20G¥H¤W
¦w¥þ©Ê
¸û§C
¤¤µ¥
°ª©ó°òÀW±a
¬Û·í°ª
Âø°T¹jµ´¯à¤O
«D«Ì½ª¦¡~§C
«Ì½ª¦¡~¸û¨Î
°ªÀW~°ª
§CÀW~§C
¸û°òÀW±a¨Î
¬Û·í°ª
ºûÅ@»P«·s¦w±Æ
®e©ö
®e©ö
¤¤µ¥¦Ü§xÃø
§xÃø
Äw³]Ãø©ö«×
©ö
©ö
¤¤µ¥¦Ü§xÃø
§xÃø
Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¨Ï¥ÎµL½u¹q¼s¼½§ó°ªªºÀW²v¨Ó³q°T¡C
ÀW²v½d³ò¦b 1GHz¡ã40GHz ¤§¶¡¡C
ª½½u¶Ç¼½¡A¨ã¦³ª½±µµø½u(line-of-sight)ªº¯S©Ê¡A§Y¶Ç°e»P±µ¦¬
ºÝ¤§¶¡¤£¯à¦s¦³»ÙꪫÅéªý¹j¡A¤~¯à¦¬¨ì¨}¦n°T¸¹¡C
³q±`ªø³~¹q¸Ü·|¨Ï¥Î·Lªi¨Ã§Q¥Î½Ã¬P¨ÓÂà±µ¡C
·Lªi±`¥Î©ó¤£¾A¦X¾Q³]¹qÆlªº±¡ªp¡A¦p¡G¤H·Ïµ}¤Ö¦a°Ïªº¹q¸ÜªA°È¡A
©Î³£¥«ùبâÂI¤§¶¡ªºµø°T¡B¼Æ¾Ú³q«H¡C
·Lªi¶Ç¿éªº°I´î¥²¶·¦Ò¼{©Ò¨Ï¥Îªº¶Ç¿éÀW±a¡B¶ZÂ÷¡B®ðÔ(¤U«B)¡Bµ¥
¦]
Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Frequency Loss, dB/km
Open-wire pair (0.3 cm diameter)
1 KHz
0.05
Twisted-wire pair (16 gauge)
10 KHz
100 KHz
300 KHz
2
3
6
Coaxial cable (1 cm diameter)
100 KHz
1 MHz
3 MHz
1
2
4
Coaxial cable (15 cm diameter)
100 MHz
1.5
Rectangular waveguide (5¡Ñ2.5cm)
10 GHz
5
Helical waveguide (5 cm diameter)
100 GHz
1.5
Fiber-optic cable
4 x 10^5 GHz
1
Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Infrared, Laser
»»±±¾¹§Y¬O¨Ï¥Î¬õ¥~½u¨Ó¶Ç¸ê®Æ¡C¥Ø«e¦Lªí¾÷¤Î¤â´£¹q¸£§¡¦³
¤º«Ø¬õ¥~½u³q°T¤¶±¡C
°£¤F¥úÅÖ¤W¶Ç°e¥~¡A¤]¥i¦bªÅ¤¤¶Ç°e¡C³q±`§Q¥Î©T©w¦b°ª³Bªº
¶Ç°e¡þ±µ¦¬³]³Æ¨Ó¶i¦æ³q°T¡C
Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Comparison of Transmission Medias
ºô¸ô¬[ºc¡Gbroadcast vs. point-to-point
¸ê®Æ¶Ç¿é¶q
¥i¾a«×
¾Q³]Àô¹Ò
Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¶Ç¿é½u¤Wªº±H¥Í¹q®e¨Ï±o«H¸¹ªº¶Ç¿é¤j¨ü¼vÅT
Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023
Untitled Document
§ïµ½ 3 KHz ¥H¤UªºÀW²vÅTÀ³
unloaded line ªºÀW²vÅT¬O frequency dependent
loaded line (¥[¤W inductor) ¦b 3 KHz ¥H¤UªºÀW²vÅT¬O frequency independent
Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¤HÃþ»¡¸ÜªºÁnµ¬OªÅ®ðªº¾_°Ê¡A¸g¹L³Á§J·Â^¨ú«á¡A
·|¦¨¬°¨ã¦³±j®z´T«×Åܤƪº¹qÀ£«H¸¹(Signal)¡A
¦¹°T¸¹¬O¤@ºØ³sÄòªºÃþ¤ñ«H¸¹
Tue Jun 13 18:53:29 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:29 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:29 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Power ratio in decibels (dB)
Example:
Input power 100W and output power 1W
power ratio is -20dB
Power in dB (reference to 1 Watt)
Y dB = 10 log 10 (X Watt)
Power in dBm (reference to 1 mWatt)
Y dBm = 10 log 10 (X mWatts)
P (dBW) = 10 log (P/1 Watt)
P (dBm) = 10 log (P/1 mWatt)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:29 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Specification of a WLAN AP
Wireless Transmit Power
20dBm(MAX)
Receiver Sensitivity
270M: -65dBm@10% PER
135M: -65dBm@10% PER
54M: -68dBm@10% PER
11M: -85dBm@8% PER
6M: -88dBm@10% PER
1M: -90dBm@8% PER
Tue Jun 13 18:53:29 CST 2023
Untitled Document
10 Log 10 (output power/input power)
Gain(dB)
Pout(dB)-Pin(dB)
Gain(dB)
Pout(dBm)-Pin(dBm)
Example:
Input power is 2dBm, system gain is 5dB
What's the output power? Ans: 7dBm
Gain
outpur Power > input Power
Attenuation
outpur Power < input Power
Tue Jun 13 18:53:29 CST 2023
Untitled Document
SNR= signal power(Watt)/noise power(Watt)
Signal-to-Noise power ratio
Relate to the performance of communications systems
S/N(dB)= 10 log 10 (S/N power ratio)
10 log 10 (signal power(Watt)/noise power(Watt))
Tue Jun 13 18:53:29 CST 2023
Untitled Document
SNR (signal power)/(noise power)
SIR (Signal-to-Interference)
(signal power)/(interference power)
Sometimes known as C/I (carrier-to-interference ratio)
Interference: signals from other simultaneous
communications
SINR ( Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise ratio)
(signal power)/(interference power+noise power)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:29 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Example: 802.11 2.4GHz ISM band (channel 1)
f upper
2434 KHz
f lower
2412 KHz
fc
2423 KHz
B
22KHz
Tue Jun 13 18:53:30 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Mouth-to-Ear Delay : 300-400 ms
MOS«ü¼Ð ¨Ï¥ÎªÌº¡·N«×
5
«Ü¦n (Excellent)
4
¦n (Good)
3
´¶³q (Fair)
2
®t (Poor)
1
·¥®t (Bad)
¹q¸ÜÁnµ¤§«~½è¤§¶q«× (MOS)
MOS Index User Satisfaction
5
Excellent
4
Good
3
Fair
2
Poor
1
Bad
Typical Representation of Call Quality Level
User Opinion MOS (ITU Scaled)
Very satisfied
4.3-5.0
Satisfied
4.0-4.3
Some User Satisfied
3.6-4.0
Many User Dissatisfied
3.1-3.6
Nearly All User Dissatisfied
2.6-3.1
Not Recommended
1.0-2.6
Tue Jun 13 18:53:38 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Time Domain vs. Frequency Domain Voice Spectrum
¤ÀªR °T¸¹ ªº«n°Ñ¼Æ - ÀW²v
Time Domain Frequency Domain
Why use Frequency Domain Spectrum?
How to obtain Frequency Domain Spectrum?
®É°ì«H¸¹ªº·Ó§¯Ãè-³Å¥ß¸Âà´«
Tue Jun 13 18:53:30 CST 2023
Untitled Document
What is Frequency Domain Spectrum?
¼Æ¾Ç¤W±`±`¨Ï¥Î transform
¡]Âà´«¡^ªº°Ê§@¡A±N¤@Ó¨ç¼ÆÂà´«¦¨¥t¤@Ó¨ç¼Æ¥H¹F¨ì¬Y
ºØ¤è«K©Ê¡C
Âà´« ¦n³B
¹ï¼Æ
¥i±N¼ªkÅܦ¨¥[ªk
Taylor Series
¥i±N«Ü¦h¨ç¼ÆÅܦ¨¦h¶µ¦¡¡A«K©ó¤H¤upºâ
Fourier Transform
¥i±N¤@Ó«H¸¹¤À¸Ñ¦¨ sinusoidal ¦¨¤Àªº¨ç¼Æ
the Taylor series is a representation of a function as an
infinite sum of
terms calculated from the values of its derivatives at a single
point.
The series decomposes a periodic function into a sum of simple
functions,
which may be sines and cosines or may be complex exponentials.
Introduced by
Joseph Fourier (1768¡V1830) for the purpose of solving the heat
equation in
a metal plate,
Tue Jun 13 18:53:30 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Why use Frequency Domain Spectrum?
¤H¦Õ¹ïÀW²v±Ó·P ¡]¹ï©ó¤£¦PÀW²vªºÁnµ¦³¤£¦P·P¨ü)
¬J¦³ªº»yµª¾Ãѳ£¨Ï¥ÎÀW²v§@¬°¤ÀªR¤u¨ã
¼ÖÃСA¼Ö¾¹¡A¦X°Û¡A°ªµ¡A§Cµ¡A etc.
©T©wÀW²v«H¸¹¥Í¦¨¡AÂoªi¾¹¡A«H¸¹¦X¦¨
¤G¶¥·L¤À¤èµ{¦¡ªº¸Ñ¬° sinusoidal function
§Q¥Î¹qªý¡B¹q·P¡B¹q®e¤TÓ¤¸¥ó§Y¥iºc¦¨¤G¶¥·L¤À¹q¸ô
¡]¥ç§Y:¨ä¸Ñ¥²¶·²Å¦X¦¹¹q¸ô©Ò¥Nªíªº·L¤À¤èµ{¦¡)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:30 CST 2023
Untitled Document
If a function
, defined over an interval
, is
extended as
a periodic function so that
then
may be expressed in terms of a Fourier series as
Tue Jun 13 18:53:30 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:30 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:30 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Square Pulse
Tue Jun 13 18:53:30 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Square Wave
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Square Wave
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Fourial Series ¤¤ªº 2f, 3f, 4f,..., etc.
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Square Wave
¤è§Îªiªºfrequency domian «H¸¹¤§ÀW²v½d³ò¬Û·í¼e¼s¡A§t¦³«Ü¦h
°ªÀW¦¨¤À¡A¤£§Q©óªø¶ZÂ÷°ª³t¶Ç¿é
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Harmonic
¬°¦ó¤£¦P¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥Xªº¦Pµ¶¥ÁnµÅ¥°_¨Ó¤£¦P?
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Harmonic
¬°¦ó¤£¦P¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥Xªº¦Pµ¶¥ÁnµÅ¥°_¨Ó¤£¦P?
¦U¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥XªºÁnµ¡A°£¤F°òÀW¤§¥~¡AÁÙ§t¦³³\¦h¿ÀW¡u¿Óªi¡v¡A¦@¦P²Õ¦¨
¦U¼Ö¾¹ªºµ¦â
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Harmonic
¬°¦ó¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥XªºÁnµ§t¦³³\¦h¿Óªi?
¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥XªºÁnµ°£¤F°òÀW¤§¿ÀW¿Óªi¤§¥~¡A¦³¨S¦³¨ä¥LÀW²vªºÁnµ?
¹q¤l¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥Xªº¼Öµ¡A¦³¦ó¯S¦â?
¦p¦ó¤À¿ë¹q¤l¼Ö¾¹»P¤ÑµM¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥XÁnµ¤§¤£¦P?
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Harmonic
¬°¦ó¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥XªºÁnµ§t¦³³\¦h¿Óªi?
¼Ö¾¹ªºµoÁn¾÷ºc¡]¨Ò¦pµ^©¶) ¥i¥Hmodel ¦¨¤G¶¥·L¤À¤èµ{¦¡
¤G¶¥·L¤À¤èµ{¦¡ªº¸Ñ¥²¬° sinusoidal function
°òÀW¤§©Ò¦³¿ÀW sinusoidal function ³£¬O¸Ó¤èµ{¦¡ªº¸Ñ
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Harmonic
¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥XªºÁnµ°£¤F°òÀW¤§¿ÀW¿Óªi¤§¥~¡A¦³¨S¦³¨ä¥LÀW²vªºÁnµ?
²z·Qªº¼Ö¾¹¡AÀ³¸Ó¨S¦³¨ä¥LÀW²vªºÁnµ
¦ý²z·Qªº¼Ö¾¹¤£¦s¦b¡AÀ³¸Ó¦³¨ä¥LÀW²vªºÁnµ
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Harmonic
¦p¦ó¤À¿ë¹q¤l¼Ö¾¹»P¤ÑµM¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥XÁnµ¤§¤£¦P?
¹q¤l¼Ö¾¹¯à§Q¥Î³\¦h¨ã¿ÀWÃö«Y sinusoidal wave ¦X¦¨¼Öµ
¦ý¦]©ó¦¨¥»¡AµLªk¯Ç¤J©Ò¦³¿ÀW¡A¥BµL¨ä¥L«D¿ÀWªºÁnµ¡A
¦]¦¹¡AÅ¥°_¨Ó¤ñ¤ÑµM¼Öµ¡u¯Â¡v
Tue Jun 13 18:53:32 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:32 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¥Ø¼Ð¬On±N«H¸¹¦b media ¤W¶Ç°eªº¤S§Ö¤S¦n
Tue Jun 13 18:53:32 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:32 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:32 CST 2023
Untitled Document
ÅS¤Ñµ¼ÖÆU»R¥xI«áªº¦^µ¾À¤§§@¥Î¬°¦ó?
¦b¦óºØ±¡ªp¤U¡A¦^µÅܦ¨´o¤HªºÁnµ?
Tue Jun 13 18:53:32 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Active Noice Cancellation
send the reversed signal to the ear
Ear hear two identical but reversed voice streams that cancel each other
Tue Jun 13 18:53:32 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Echo is caused by the signal reflections of the
speaker's voice from the far end telephone equipment
back into the speaker's ear.
Echo becomes a significant problem when the round-trip delay becomes
greater than 50 milliseconds.
Need to control echo and implement some means of echo cancellation
Tue Jun 13 18:53:32 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Ãþ¤ñ©Î¼Æ¦ì
Ãþ¤ñ(Analog)
¨üÂø°T¼vÅT¸û¤j¡A¥Î©ñ¤j¾¹¼W¥[¶Ç°T¶ZÂ÷¡A¦ýÂø°TÀHµÛ©ñ¤j¾¹¦Ó¼W¤j¡A
¤£¾A¦Xªø³~³q°T
¼Æ¦ì(Digital)
¨üÂø°T¼vÅT¸û¤p¡A¥Î Repeater ¼W¥[¶Ç°T¶ZÂ÷¡AÂø°T¥i¹LÂo¡A¾A¦Xªø³~³q°T
¦h¤u (Multiplexing)
·í¨â¥x¥H¤Wªº¹q¸£¦b¦P¤@®É¶¡§Q¥Î¦P¤@¶Ç¿é´CÅé¶Ç°e¸ê®Æ®É¡A¥i¥H§Q¥Î
¦h¤u¡]Multiplexing¡^§Þ³N¨Ó¹F¦¨
Âù¤u(Duplex)»P ³æ¤u(Simplex)
¥þÂù¤u(full duplex)
¤¹³\³q°Tªº¨âºÝ¦b¶Ç¿é´CÅé¤W¦P®ÉÂù¦V¶Ç°e¸ê®Æ
¥bÂù¤u(half duplex)
¤¹³\³q°Tªº¨âºÝÂù¤è¦Vªº¶Ç¿é¸ê®Æ¡A¦ý¤£¥i¦P®É¶Ç¿é¸ê®Æ
³æ¤u (simplex)
¥u¤¹³\³æ¤è¦V¦a¶Ç¿é¸ê®Æ
ÀW¼e (bandwidth)
³q°T³q¹D¥i©Ó¸üªº¸ê°T¶q
°òÀW»P¼eÀW¶Ç¿é
°òÀW¶Ç¿é (Baseband)
±N°T¸¹¥Hì¨Ó§Î¦¡¶Ç°e(e.g. 1 °ª¹q¦ì 0 §C¹q¦ì)
¼eÀW¶Ç¿é (Broadband)
°T¸¹¸g¹L½ÕÅÜ¡]AM, FM, PM µ¥)«á¦A¶Ç°e
¦P¨B»P«D¦P¨B¶Ç¿é
«D¦P¨B¶Ç¿é¬O«ü°eºÝ»P¦¬ºÝ¦b¶Ç°e¸ê®Æ«e¤£¥²¨Æ¥ý·¾³q
§Þ³N¤W¦Ó¨¥¡A«D¦P¨B¶Ç¿é¬O«ü°eºÝ»P¦¬ºÝ¶¡¤£»Ýn°w¹ï¨C¤@¶Ç°eªº¦ì
¤¸¶i¦æ¦P¨B·¾³q¡]´N¬O¤£·|±N©¼¦¹ªº¯ß½Ä(clock)½Õ¦¨§¹¥þ¦P¨B¡^¡C
Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023
Untitled Document
°òÀW¶Ç¿é (Baseband Transmission)
±`¨£¤§´C¤¶
50 ¼Ú©i¦P¶b¹qÆl, ³Ìªø¥i ¹F500¤½¤Ø, ¥i¥Îrepeater ¼Wªø
¼eÀW¶Ç¿é (Broadband Transmission)
°T¸¹¸g¹L½ÕÅÜ¡]AM, FM, PM µ¥)«á¦A¶Ç°e
¥i¤ä´© FDM ÀW²v¹º¤À¦h¤u³B²z¡G
e.g. 75¼Ú©i¦P¶b¹qÆl¥i¦³ 300 ~ 400MHZÀW¼e¡A¥i±N¦¹ÀW¼e¦A¤Á³Î¦¨³\¦hÀW¹D
Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Baseband Broadband
Ãþ¤ñ
¶Ç²Î¹q¸Ü
¼s¼½¹q¥x
¼Æ¦ì
Ethernet
ADSL, Cable Modem
¼Æ¾Ú¾÷¡]modem¡^¥]§t¤F½ÕÅÜ¡]¼Æ¦ìÂনÃþ¤ñ¡^¤Î¸Ñ½ÕÅÜ¡]Ãþ¤ñÂন¼Æ¦ì¡^¤§¥\¯à¡C
Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Amplitude and Frequency Modulation
Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023
Untitled Document
AM, FM, PM ¦óªÌ¸û©ö¹ê§@? ¦óªÌ¸ûÃø ?
Tue Jun 13 18:53:34 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¤è§Îªi°T¸¹¦]§t¦³»Ý¦h°ªÀW«H¸¹¡A¦b¶Ç¿é´CÅé¤W¶Ç°e¤@¬q¶ZÂ÷«á¡A·|¦]±H¥Í¹q®e
³y¦¨ÄY«ªº°T¸¹°I´î¡C
¦Ó¼eÀW¶Ç¿é¬O±Nì©l«H¸¹½Õ¨î©ó¥¿©¶ªi¤W¡A¤Ö¤F³\¦h°ªÀW«H¸¹¡A
°I´î±¡§Î¸û¤£ÄY«¡A©Ò¥Hªø¶ZÂ÷³q°T±`¥H¼eÀW¶Ç¿é¤è¦¡¶i¦æ¡C
Tue Jun 13 18:53:34 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Input Signal Output Signal
Acture Output Signal Eye Analysis
Tue Jun 13 18:53:34 CST 2023
Untitled Document
ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
«D¹ïºÙ¦¡¼Æ¦ì¥Î¤á½u¸ô
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
«D¦P¨B¶Ç¿é¼Ò¦¡
B-ISDN
Broadband Integrated Service Digital Network
¼eÀW¾ã¦XªA°È¼Æ¦ìºô¸ô
CATV
Cable Television
¦³½u¹qµø
CCS7
Common Channel Signaling System Number 7
¤C¸¹¦@³q¹D«H¸¹
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
¹º½X¦h¤u±µ¨ú
CM
Cable Modem
Æl½u¼Æ¾Ú¾÷
CO
Central Office
¥«¸Ü¤¤¤ß§½
CODEC
Coder/Decoder
½s½X/¸Ñ½X¾¹
CPE
Customer Premises Equipment
¥Î¤áºÝ³]³Æ
DNS
Domain Name Service
ºô°ì¦WºÙªA°È
DQPSK
Differential Quaternary Phase Shift Keying
®t°Ê¥|¬Û¦ì²¾Áä
DSL
Digital Subscriber Line
¼Æ¦ì¦¡¥Î¤á½u¸ô
DWDM
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexer
°ª±K«×ªiªø¦h¤u¾¹
FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access
¹ºÀW¦h¤u±µ¨ú
FN
Fiber Node
¥úÅ֧븨ÂI
FR
Frame Relay
°T®Ø¶Ç°e
FTTB
Fiber To The Building
¥úÅÖ¨ì¤j¼Ó
FTTC
Fiber To The Curb
¥úÅÖ¨ìªÀ°Ï
FTTH
Fiber To The Home
¥úÅÖ¨ì®a
FTTx (x = B,C)
Fiber To-The-x
¥úÅÖ¨ì x
Tue Jun 13 18:53:34 CST 2023
Untitled Document
GPS
Global Position Satellite
¥þ²y½Ã¬P©w¦ì¨t²Î
GSM
Global System for Mobile Communication
¥þ²y¦æ°Ê³q°T¨t²Î
HDLC
High-level Data Link Control
°ª¶¥¼Æ¾ÚÃì¸ô±±¨î
HDSL
High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line
°ª³t¼Æ¦ì¥Î¤á½u¸ô
HFC
Hybrid Fiber Coaxial
²V¦X¥úÅÖ¦P¶bºô¸ô
HTTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
¶W´CÅé¶Ç¿é¨ó©w
IEEE
Institute of Electronic Engineers
¹q¾÷¹q¤l¤uµ{¾Ç·|
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force
ºô»Úºô¸ô¤uµ{¥ô°È½s²Õ
IN
Intelligent Network
´¼¼z«¬ºô¸ô
IP
Internet Protocol
ºô»Úºô¸ô¨ó©w
I-Phone
Internet Phone
ºô»Úºô¸ô¹q¸Ü
ISDN
Integrated Service Digital Network
¾ã¦XªA°È¼Æ¦ìºô¸ô
ISO
International Organization For Standardization
°ê»Ú¼Ð·Ç²Õ´
ISP
Internet Service Provider
ºô»Úºô¸ôªA°È´£¨ÑªÌ
ITU-T
International Telecommunication Union ¡V Telecommunication
°ê»Ú¹q°TÁp·ù¹q°T¤p²Õ
LMDS
Local Multi-point Distributed Service
°Ï°ì¦hÂI¤À´²¦¡ªA°È
LNP
Local Number Portability
¸¹½X¥iÄâ©Ê
MAC
Media Access Control
´CÅé¦s¨ú±±¨î
MPEG
Motion Picture Expert Group
°Êµe±M®a²Õ´
MPLS
Multi-Protocol Label Switching
¦h«¨ó©w¼ÐÅҥ洫§Þ³N
MUX
Multiplexer
¦h¤u¾¹
Tue Jun 13 18:53:34 CST 2023
Untitled Document
OMAP
Operation & Maintenance Administration Part
Àç¹BºÞ²z³¡
OSS
Operation Support System
Àç¹B¤ä´©¨t²Î
PBX
Private Branch Exchange
¥Î¤á±M¥Î¥æ´«¾÷
PCM
Pulse Code Modulation
³Õ½X½ÕÅÜ
PIN
Personal Identification Number
Ó¤HÃѧO¸¹½X
PN
Personal Number
Ó¤HÀH¨½X
POI
Point Of Interconnection
¤¶±µÂI
PoP
Point of Presence
±µÄòÂI
POTS
Plain Old Telephone Service
¶Ç²Î¹q¸ÜªA°È
PPP
Point-to-Point Protocol
ÂI¹ïÂI¶Ç¿é¨ó©w
PRI
Primary Rate Interface
¥Dn¶Ç¿é³t²v¤¶±
PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network
¤½²³¹q¸Üºô¸ô
PVC
Permanent Virtual Circuit
¥Ã¤[µêÀÀ¹q¸ô
PVP
Permanent Virtual Path
¥Ã¤[µêÀÀ¸ô®|
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
¥¿¥æ½Õ´T
QoS
Quality of Service
ªA°È«~½è
QPSK
Quaternary Phase Shift Keying
¥|¬Û¦ì²¾Áä
Tue Jun 13 18:53:34 CST 2023
Untitled Document
RF
Radio Frequency
®gÀW
RFC
Request For Comments
«ØÄ³»Ý¨D®Ñ
RSA
Rivest, Salam, Adleman
RSA¦w¥þ¨ó©w
RSA
Radio Section Adaptation
µL½u°T¸¹°Ï¬q½Õ¾A¾¹
RSVP
Resource reSerVation Protocol
¸ê·½«O¯d¨ó©w
RTCP
RTP Control Protocol
RTP±±¨î¨ó©w
RTP
Real Time Control Protocol
§Y®É¨ó©w
SCE
Service Creative Environment
ªA°È³Ð§@Àô¹Ò
SCP
Service Control Point
ªA°È±±¨îÂI
SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
¦P¨B¼Æ¦ì¶¥¼h
SET
Secure Electronics Transaction
¦w¥þ¹q¤l¥æ©ö¼Ð·Ç
SIB
Service Independent Building Block
ªA°È«Ø¥ß¤è¶ô
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol
²³æºôºÞ¨ó©w
SOHO
Small Office Home Office
¤p«¬©Î®a®x¿ì¤½«Ç
SONET
Synchronous Optic NETwork
¦P¨B¥úÅÖºô¸ô
SSP
Service Switching Point
ªA°È¥æ´«ÂI
SS7
Signaling System Number 7
¤C¸¹¦@³q¹D«H¸¹
STB
Set Top Box
¿ï¥x¾¹
STM
Synchronous Transport Mode
¦P¨B¶Ç¿é¼Ò¦¡
STP
Signal Transfer Point
«H¸¹Âà´«ÂI
SVC
Switched Virtual Circuit
¥æ´«¦¡µêÀÀ¹q¸ô
Tue Jun 13 18:53:34 CST 2023
Untitled Document
TA
Terminal Adaptor
²×ºÝ°t±µ¾¹
TCAP
Transaction Control Application Part
¥æ©ö±±¨îÀ³¥Î³¡¤À
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol
¶Ç¿é±±¨î¨ó©w
TDM
Time Division Multiplex
¹º®É¦h¤u
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access
¹º®É¦h¤u±µ¨ú
UDP
User Datagram Protocol
¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¸ê®Æ¥]¨ó©w
UHF
Ultra-High Frequency
¶W°ªÀW
VHF
Very High Frequency
«D±`°ªÀW
VOD
Video On Demand
ÀH¿ïµø°T
VoIP
Voice-over-IP
IPºô¸ô¹q¸Ü
VPC
Virtual Path Connection
µêÀÀ¸ô®|³sµ²
VPN
Virtual Private Network
µêÀÀ¥ø·~ºô¸ô
WLL
Wireless Local Loop
µL½u°Ï°ì°j¸ô
Tue Jun 13 18:53:34 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Ãþ¤ñ¨t²Î
¼Æ¦ì¨t²Î
bps: ¨C¬í¥i¶Ç°e¤§¦ì¤¸¼Æ
baud: ¨C¬í¥i§ïÅܰT¸¹¤§¦¸¼Æ
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023
Untitled Document
maximum number of bits/sec C = B log 2 (1 + S/N)
C
capacity (bps)
rate at which data can be communicated
B
bandwidth (Hz)
the bandwidth of the transmitted signal as
constrained by the transmitter and the nature of the
transmission medium
S/N
Linear Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Evaluation of communication scheme performance
How close to Shannon bound?
Spectral efficiency (bit/s/Hz)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¦³½u´C¤¶ ÀW¼e
»yµ¯Å (voice grade) ¹q¸Ü½u
3 KHz
¼eÀW (wideband ) ¹q¸Ü½u
48 KHz
¦P¶b¹qÆl (cable )
Over 400 MHz
¥úÅÖ
0.1 - 4 GHz
µL½u´C¤¶ ÀW¼e
AM
10 KHz
TV
6 MHz
½Ã¬PÂàÀW¾¹ (Transponder)
36 MHz
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023
Untitled Document
SDH SONET Line Speed (Mbps)
OC-1
51.84
STM-1
OC-3
155.52
OC-9
466.56
STM-4
OC-12
622.08
OC-18
933.12
STM-8
OC-24
1244.16
STM-12
OC-36
1866.24
STM-16
OC-48
2488.32
¦WºÙ Line Speed (Mbps)
T1
1.544
DS1
1.544
E1
2
T3
45
DS3
45
FDDI
100
Speed Specification (Digital)
ºô¸ôºØÃþ Line Speed
X.25
9.6 - 64 Kbps
Frame Relay
64 Kbps - 2 Mbps
ATM
45 Mbps - 5 Gbps
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¤@Ó 1000 bytes «Ê¥]±q¥xÆW°e¹F¬ü°ê¡Anªá¦hªø®É¶¡?
·í§A¤Wºô·Pı³t«×«ÜºC®É¡A¥i¯àªºì¦]¦ó¦b?
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023
Untitled Document
«H¸¹¡A«Ê¥]µ¥¦bºô¸ô¤¤¶Ç»¼¡A©µ¿ð®É¶¡¥]¬A
Router/Switch Processing Time
ºô¸ô¦Ulink ¤§queueing Time
Propagation Delay Time
«H¸¹¡A«Ê¥]µ¥¦bºô¸ô¤¤¶Ç»¼¡A¥²¶·¦Ò¼{ propagation delay time !!!
Propagation delay time »Pºô¸ô³t«×(ÀW¼e) µLÃö¡A¦Ó»P¹qºÏªi¶Ç»¼³t«×¦³Ãö
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¹qºÏªiªº¶Ç»¼³t«× »P ºô¸ô³t«×µLÃö !!!!
¹qºÏªi¦b¯uªÅ¤¤¥H ¥ú³t «e¶i 300,000 km/s
¹qºÏªi¦b»É¾É½u(Catagory 5)¤¤¥H ±µªñ¥ú³t «e¶i 231,000 km/s
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Distance Light Traveling Time
¨ª¹Dªø«×
40,075 km
2/15 sec
Earth to Moon
Avg 384,403 km (238,857 miles)
Min 363,104 km (225,622 miles)
Max 405,696 km (252,088 miles).
Avg 1.28 sec
Min 1.21 sec
Max 1.35 sec
Earth to Sun
149,597,892 km (92,955,820.5 miles )
498.66 sec (8.3 min)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¥ú¦æ¨«®É¶¡ ¶ZÂ÷
1 ms
300 km
1 ns
30 cm
1 ps
0.03 cm
Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023
Untitled Document
·í¨â²Õ¥H¤Wªº³q°T³]³Æ¦P¤@®É¶¡§Q¥Î¦P¤@¶Ç¿é´CÅé¶Ç°e¸ê®Æ®É¡A¥i¥H§Q¥Î
¦h¤u¡]Multiplexing¡^§Þ³N¨Ó¹F¦¨¡C
Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023
Untitled Document
¤ÀÀW¦h¤u ¡]FDM - Frequency Division Multiplexing¡^
±NÀWÃФÀ¦¨¦hÓÅÞ¿èÀW¹D¡A¨C²Õ³]³Æ¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¨ä¤¤ªº¤@ÓÀW¹D¡C
WDM - Wavelength Division Multiplexing
§â¥úªi¨Ìªiªø¤À¦¨¦hÓÅÞ¿èÀW¹D¡A¨C²Õ³]³Æ¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¨ä¤¤ªº¤@ÓÀW¹D¡C
¤À®É¦h¤u¡]TDM - Time Division Multiplexing¡^
±N®É¶¡¤Á¤À¦¨³\¦hÓ¤p®É¬q¡A¦U²Õ³]³Æ½ü¬y¨Ï¥Î³o¨Ç¤p®É¬q¡C½ü¨ì¬Y¥x¹q¸£¨Ï¥Î
®É¡A¾ãÓ´CÅé³£¥i¨Ï¥Î¡C
Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Time Division Multiplexing
Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Time Division Multiplexing
Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Synchronous vs. Asynchronous
¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡A«D¦P¨B¶Ç¿é¬O«ü°eºÝ»P¦¬ºÝ¦b¶Ç°e¸ê®Æ«e¤£¥²¨Æ¥ý·¾³q¡C
§Þ³N¤W¦Ó¨¥¡A«D¦P¨B¶Ç¿é¬O«ü°eºÝ»P¦¬ºÝ¶¡¤£»Ýn°w¹ï¨C¤@¶Ç°eªº¦ì
¤¸¶i¦æ¦P¨B·¾³q¡]´N¬O¤£·|±N©¼¦¹ªº¯ß½Ä(clock)½Õ¦¨§¹¥þ¦P¨B¡^¡C
Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Spectrum Allocation - Singapo
Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Listening Quality
How users rate what they "listen" during a call.
Conversational Quality
How users rate the overall quality of a call based on listening
quality and their ability to converse during a call. This
includes any echo or delay related difficulties that may affect
the conversation.
Transmission Quality
The quality of the network connection used to carry the voice
signal. This is a measure of network service quality as opposed
to the specific call quality.
Tue Jun 13 18:53:37 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Mouth-to-Ear Delay : 300-400 ms
MOS«ü¼Ð ¨Ï¥ÎªÌº¡·N«×
5
«Ü¦n (Excellent)
4
¦n (Good)
3
´¶³q (Fair)
2
®t (Poor)
1
·¥®t (Bad)
¹q¸ÜÁnµ¤§«~½è¤§¶q«× (MOS)
MOS Index User Satisfaction
5
Excellent
4
Good
3
Fair
2
Poor
1
Bad
Typical Representation of Call Quality Level
User Opinion MOS (ITU Scaled)
Very satisfied
4.3-5.0
Satisfied
4.0-4.3
Some User Satisfied
3.6-4.0
Many User Dissatisfied
3.1-3.6
Nearly All User Dissatisfied
2.6-3.1
Not Recommended
1.0-2.6
Tue Jun 13 18:53:38 CST 2023
Untitled Document
ÀW¼en¨D
64kbps
¹ï Delay ¤§®e§Ô«×
< (300-400)ms
¹ï Jitter ¤§®e§Ô«×
¥i®e³\¬YºØµ{«×¤§ jitter
<= 50ms
¹ï Loss ¤§®e§Ô«×
¥i®e³\¬YºØµ{«×¤§ loss
<= 3%
Tue Jun 13 18:53:38 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:38 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:38 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Ãþ¤ñ«H¸¹¦Ü¼Æ¦ì«H¸¹¤§Âà´«ºÙ¬° Analog-To-Digital (A2D)
±N¹qÀ£°T¸¹¥Ñ0¦Ü³Ì°ª¹q¦ì®Ú¾Ú½s½Xªø«×²Ó¤Á¬°³\¦hµ¥¯Å
(§Ylevel¡A¨Ò¦p¥H8Bits½s½X¡A«h¥i²Ó¤À¬°28=256Óµ¥¯Å)¡A
¨Ã¥B®Ú¾Ú¨ú¼ËÀW²v(Sample Frequency)¡A
¨C¹j©T©w®É¶¡§ì¨ú¤@¦¸¹qÀ£°T¸¹¡A§P©w¨ä¹qÀ£µ¥¯Å¡A
¨Ã¥B¥H¼Æ¦ì¸ê®Æªí¥Ü¡C
°ÝÃD: Sampling Frequency À³¸Ó¦h°ª?
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Sampling Frequency - Nyquist Theorem
How many samples per second are needed?
Nyquist Theorem: Sampling Frequency >= ³Ì°ªÀW²vªº2¿
Voice Bandwidth - 300Hz to 3400 Hz
8K x 8 bit/sample = 64kbps
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Sampling of Telephone and CD
µ¼Ö¥úºÐ
¤@¯ë¤H¦Õ¦·¥iÅ¥¨£ªºÁnµÀW²v¤¶©ó20 Hz¡ã20 kHz¤§¶¡
CD µ¼Ö¬O¥H44.1 kHzªº¨ú¼ËÀW²v¨ú¼Ë
¹q¸Ü
»yµ«H¸¹¥DnªºÀW²v¦¨¤À¦b300 Hz ¡ã4kHz¡C
¬G²{¦æ¹q¸Ü¨t²Îªº¨ú ¼ËÀW²v¬°8 kHz
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023
Untitled Document
PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023
Untitled Document
PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023
Untitled Document
°Ï°ìºô¸ô¦b¨Ï¥Î°òÀW¶Ç¿é®É¡A³q±`¶·¥Î¸û½ÆÂøªº½s½X¤è¦¡¡C
RS-232-C
¥Î©ó§C³t¸ê®Æ¶Ç°e¡A¦p 9600 bps ¤§ RS-232-C ¼Ð·Ç¡C
¥H¤@¦ì¤¸²Õ (5~8bits) ¬°³æ¦ì¶Ç°e¡A«e«á ¥[ Start ¤Î Stop bits¡C
t¹qÀ£¥Nªí 1¡A¥¿¹qÀ£¥Nªí 0¡C
¨Ï¥Î«D¦P¨B¶Ç¿é¡÷¥±`¤£°e¸ê®Æ®Éºû«ù¦bt¹qÀ£¡A°e¸ê®Æ¤§
«e¥ý°e¤@Ó¥¿¹qÀ£¥Nªí start bit ¡]«D¸ê®Æ¡^¡C
¨â¦r¤¸¶¡³Ì¤Ön¹j¤@Ó stop bit ¡]t¹qÀ£¡^¡C
Zero-Complemented ®t°Ê¦¡½s½X
°ª®Ä²v½u¸ô±±¨îµ{§Ç¨Ï¥Î¡A ¦p IBM SDLC¡C
¦b¤@¦ì¤¸®É¶¡¤º¡A¹qÀ£¥Ñ¥¿¹q¦ìÅÜt¹q ¦ì¥Nªí0¡AµL¹q¦ìÅÜ
¤Æ¥Nªí 1¡C
°Ò¹ý´µ¯S½s½X
¬°¨Ï¹q¦ìÅܤƦ³¹w´Áªº³W«ß©Ê¡AÅý¨C¤@ ¦ì¤¸¦b¶Ç°e¤Î±µ¦¬®É
¡A¥i¥H¹F¨ì¦P¨Bªº®ÄªG
¦b¤@¦ì¤¸®É¶¡¤º¡A¹qÀ£¥Ñ¥¿¹q¦ìÅÜt¹q ¦ì¥Nªí0¡A¤Ï¤§¥Nªí 1¡C
®t°Ê¦¡°Ò¹ý´µ¯S½s½X
¦b¤@¦ì¤¸®É¶¡ªº¤¤¬q¦³¹qÀ£ÅܤƥNªí 1¡C
¦b¤@¦ì¤¸®É¶¡ªº¶}©l¤Î¤¤¬q¦³¹qÀ£ÅÜ¤Æ ¥Nªí 0¡C
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023
Untitled Document
Tue Jun 13 18:53:40 CST 2023