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Introduction to Communications

Watch Tower System

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Comm. System Used by Alexander the Great

Mechanical Telegraph

Samophore of Chappe's Telegraph

Samophore Positions of Chappe's Telegraph

French Mechanical Telegraph

Mechanical Telegraph Used in Crimean War

Admiralty Shutter Telegraph

Admiralty Shutter Telegraph System in 1814

Watson's Telegraph

Electrical Telegraph

Electrical Telegraph Model

Charge of Electrical Telegraph in 1858

Morse Code and SOS

Electrical Telegraph Operators in 1892

Electrical Telegraph Operators in 1892

Can Phone

Antonio Meucci

Alexander Graham Bell

Telephone Network Components

Evolution of Phone Set

Telephone Pole

Telephone Pole

Telephone Pole

Switch Board

Evolution of Communication Technology

Transmission

Transmission Media

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¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Twisted Pair Cable

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¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Cable

¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Fiber Optics

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¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Micro Wave

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¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Infrared, Laser

Comparison of Transmission Medias

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Loading Coil

Signal

Sinusoidal Wave Signal

Voice Signal

Decibels (dB) and dBm

dBm Example

Gain and Attenuation

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Noise, Interference, SNR

Bandwidth

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Time Domain vs. Frequency Domain Voice Spectrum

What is Frequency Domain Spectrum?

Why use Frequency Domain Spectrum?

Fourier Series

Fourier Series - Explain

Fourier Series - Explain

Fourier Series - Square Pulse

Fourier Series - Square Wave

Fourier Series - Square Wave

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Fourier Series - Square Wave

Fourier Series - Harmonic

Fourier Series - Harmonic

Fourier Series - Harmonic

Fourier Series - Harmonic

Fourier Series - Harmonic

Fourier Series - Harmonic

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Signal Impairment

CrossTalk

Echo

Active Noice Cancellation

Echo

Echo Cancellation

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Noise

Effect of Noise

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Amplitude and Frequency Modulation

Modulation (½ÕÅÜ)

Modulation (½ÕÅÜ)

Modulation (½ÕÅÜ)

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Eye Pattern

Acronyms ±M¦³¦Wµü¹ï·Óªí

Acronyms ±M¦³¦Wµü¹ï·Óªí

Acronyms ±M¦³¦Wµü¹ï·Óªí

Acronyms ±M¦³¦Wµü¹ï·Óªí

Acronyms ±M¦³¦Wµü¹ï·Óªí

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Bandwidth Table

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¦h¤u (Multiplexing)

¦h¤u (Multiplexing)

Time Division Multiplexing

Time Division Multiplexing

Synchronous vs. Asynchronous

Spectrum

Spectrum Allocation - US

Spectrum Allocation - Singapo

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Voice Spectrum

Analog to Digital

Sampling Frequency

Sampling Frequency - Nyquist Theorem

Sampling of Telephone and CD

Quantization Error

PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)

PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)

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Telecom Services

Network Management


Untitled Document
Introduction to Communications
What is communications?
 
Delivery of messages from sender to receiver


Communication Media

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Examples of Communication Networks
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Mechanical Telegraph
Electrical Telegraph
Telephone Network
Tue Jun 13 18:53:23 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Watch Tower System
Tue Jun 13 18:53:23 CST 2023 Untitled Document
ºX¸¹

Tue Jun 13 18:53:23 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Comm. System Used by Alexander the Great
Tue Jun 13 18:53:23 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Mechanical Telegraph
   
The first crude telegraph system was made without electricity. It was a system of semaphores, or tall poles with movable arms, and other signaling apparatus, set within physical sight of one another.
   
There was such a telegraph line between Dover and London at during the Battle of Waterloo; that related the news of the battle, which had come to Dover by ship, to an anxious London, when a fog set in (obscuring the line of sight) and the Londoners had to wait until a courier on horseback arrived.
Tue Jun 13 18:53:24 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Samophore of Chappe's Telegraph
Tue Jun 13 18:53:24 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Samophore Positions of Chappe's Telegraph
Tue Jun 13 18:53:24 CST 2023 Untitled Document
French Mechanical Telegraph
Tue Jun 13 18:53:24 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Mechanical Telegraph Used in Crimean War
Tue Jun 13 18:53:24 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Admiralty Shutter Telegraph
Tue Jun 13 18:53:24 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Admiralty Shutter Telegraph System in 1814
Tue Jun 13 18:53:24 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Watson's Telegraph
 
Watson's Samophore
 
Positions of Watson's Samaphore
Tue Jun 13 18:53:24 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Electrical Telegraph
Electrical Telegraph
   
The honor for this invention falls to Samuel Finley Breese Morse. Other inventors had discovered the principles of the telegraph, but Samuel Morse was the first to perceive the practical significance of those facts; and was the first to take steps to make a practical invention; which took him twelve long years of work.
 
Electrical Telegraph
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Electrical Telegraph Model
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Charge of Electrical Telegraph in 1858
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Morse Code and SOS
International Morse Code
 
encode characters in dits and dashes
SOS
 
three dits, three dashes, the dits
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Electrical Telegraph Operators in 1892
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Electrical Telegraph Operators in 1892
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Can Phone
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Antonio Meucci
 
Real Telephone Inventor
   
A Theater stage technician born in Florence, Italy in 1808
   
File a patent caveat in 1871, but couldn't affort $10 annual renewal fee
  
On Sep. 25, 2001 the Unite State House of Representatives passed a resolution honoring him for his "work in the invention of the telephone," noting that. "Where as if Meucci had been able to pay the $10 fee to maintian the caveat after 1974, no patent could have been issued to Bell."
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell
 
(3 March 1847 ¡V 2 August 1922)
   
Own the first telephone patent
   
was an eminent scientist, inventor and innovator who is credited with the invention of the telephone.
Tue Jun 13 18:53:25 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Telephone Network Components
Terminal (Customer-Premises Equipment, CPE)
 
telephones, DSL modems, cable modems, set-top boxes, etc.
Transmission
 
±N«H¸¹¦b media ¤W¶Ç°eªº¤S§Ö¤S¦n
Switch
 
±N³q¸Ü¦U¤èterminal ³s±µ°_¨Ó
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Evolution of Phone Set
 
Regular Telephone Set
 
Antique Telephone Set
 
Rotary Telephone Set
 
Telephone Set Internal
 
Cordless Telephone Set
 
Cordless Telephone Internal
 
Headset
 
Cellular Phone
 
Cellular Phone Internal
 
Bluetooth Headset
 
New Cellphone Design
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Telephone Pole
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Telephone Pole
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Telephone Pole
 
Broadway and John Street, New York, 1890
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Switch Board
Switch Board, London, 1926
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Evolution of Communication Technology
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Transmission
Transmission 
 
­Ó¤H¨Ï¥Îªº Media Player (MP3 Player) ªº¦Õ¾÷½u¦³¦hªø?
   
< 100 cm
 
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¤@¹ï¹q¸Ü¤§¶¡ªº¶ZÂ÷¡A³q±`¦³¼Æ¤½¨½¤§»»¡A©|¯à«O«ù²M´·ªº³q¸Ü«~½è¡A How to do it?
Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Transmission Media
Transmission Media
 
Transmission Media ³Ì±`³QÃöª`ªº³W®æ¬° ¡uÀW¼e¡v
   
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Tue Jun 13 18:53:26 CST 2023 Untitled Document
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Tue Jun 13 18:53:27 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¹qªý
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Tue Jun 13 18:53:27 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¹qºÏ¤zÂZ
 
¥~¬É¹qºÏ³õªºÅܤƷ|¦b¾É½u¤¤²£¥Í¤zÂZ«H¸¹ -> Åܦ¨¾¸­µ
   
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Tue Jun 13 18:53:27 CST 2023 Untitled Document
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Tue Jun 13 18:53:27 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Twisted Pair Cable
Âùµ±½u
   
Âùµ±½u¥]§t¦³¤G±øµ±¦b¤@°_¡B¤¬¬Ûµ´½tªº¾É½u¡A ¹ïµ±ªº¥D­n¥Øªº¬O ­°§C±H¥Í¹q®e and EMI
   
Âùµ±½u©ö¨ü¹qºÏªiªº¤zÂZ
   
¥H¥Ø«eªº§Þ³N¡A¦b100 ¤½¤Ø¥H¤ºªºÂùµ±½u¡A¥i¥H¹F¨ì10~100 Mbps ªº¶Ç¿é³t²v
   
¨Ï¥ÎÂùµ±½uªº¨Ò¤l¡GEthernet 10BaseT
  
Âùµ±½u¤]¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¦b¦p FDDI ªº°ª³tºô¸ô¤W¡A¦p¡GTPFDDI¡A ¨Ï¥Î UTP level 5 ªºÂùµ±½u
Tue Jun 13 18:53:27 CST 2023 Untitled Document
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µ¥¯Å ¶Ç¿é³t²v ±`¨£¥Î³~
Category 1 2 Mbps »y­µ³q °T
Category 2 4 Mbps »y­µ³q°T¡B4Mbps°O¸¹Àô(Token Ring)ºô
Category 3 16 Mbps 10BaseT¡B16Mbps°O¸¹Àôºô
Category 4 20Mbps 100BaseT4¡B16Mbps°O¸¹Àôºô
Category 5 100 Mbps 100BaseTX
Category 5e 1000 Mbps 1000BaseT
Category 6 2400 Mbps 1000BaseT
Tue Jun 13 18:53:27 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Cable
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  • ¥­§¡¨C­ÓÀW¹D¶Ç¿é³t²v¡G20Mbps/channel¡A
  • ¶Ç¿éªº½d³ò¤j¬ù¬°¼Æ¤½¨½¡A
  • ¥i±µ1000³¡¥H¤W¹q¸£
Tue Jun 13 18:53:27 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Fiber Optics
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°ò¥»µ²ºc¥]§t¤@±ø¥úÅÖ¥H¤Îµ´½t«OÅ@µ¥§÷®Æ
   
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µo¥ú¤G·¥Åé (LED)   ¹p®g¤G·¥Åé(Laser)
   
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³æ¼Ò¥úÅÖ (Single Mode Fiber, SMF) ¶bªäª½®|¸û²Ó¡A¬ù 5 ~ 10 ·L¦Ì¡A¾A¦Xªø¶ZÂ÷¶Ç¿é¡A »ù®æ©ù¶Q¡A´²®g²v¤p¡A¶Ç¿é®Ä¯à·¥¨Î¡C
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Tue Jun 13 18:53:27 CST 2023 Untitled Document
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Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¶Ç¿é½u¤§¶Ç¿é¯S©Ê
  Âùµ±½u Base Band
Coaxial Cable
Broad Band
Coaxial Cable
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Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Micro Wave
·Lªi¡]Microwave¡^
   
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ÀW²v½d³ò¦b 1GHz¡ã40GHz ¤§¶¡¡C
   
ª½½u¶Ç¼½¡A¨ã¦³ª½±µµø½u(line-of-sight)ªº¯S©Ê¡A§Y¶Ç°e»P±µ¦¬ ºÝ¤§¶¡¤£¯à¦s¦³»ÙꪫÅéªý¹j¡A¤~¯à¦¬¨ì¨}¦n°T¸¹¡C
   
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Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¶Ç¿é½u¤§·l¯Ó
  Frequency Loss, dB/km
Open-wire pair (0.3 cm diameter) 1 KHz 0.05
Twisted-wire pair (16 gauge) 10 KHz
100 KHz
300 KHz
2
3
6
Coaxial cable (1 cm diameter) 100 KHz
1 MHz
3 MHz
1
2
4
Coaxial cable (15 cm diameter) 100 MHz 1.5
Rectangular waveguide (5¡Ñ2.5cm) 10 GHz 5
Helical waveguide (5 cm diameter) 100 GHz 1.5
Fiber-optic cable 4 x 10^5 GHz 1
Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¶Ç¿é´C¤¶ - Infrared, Laser
¬õ¥~½u¡]Infrared¡^
   
»»±±¾¹§Y¬O¨Ï¥Î¬õ¥~½u¨Ó¶Ç¸ê®Æ¡C¥Ø«e¦Lªí¾÷¤Î¤â´£¹q¸£§¡¦³ ¤º«Ø¬õ¥~½u³q°T¤¶­±¡C
¹p®g¡]Laser¡^
   
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Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Comparison of Transmission Medias
´C¤¶¿ï¾Ü
ºô¸ô¬[ºc¡Gbroadcast vs. point-to-point
¸ê®Æ¶Ç¿é¶q
¥i¾a«×
¾Q³]Àô¹Ò
¦U´C¤¶¤ñ¸û
Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¹q®e¹q·P¤Î¥æ¬y¹q¸ô

¹q®e

RC ¹q¸ô

¹q·P

RL ¹q¸ô

ª½¬y¹q¸ô»P¥æ¬y¹q¸ô

RLC ¹q¸ô

Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023 Untitled Document
±H¥Í¹q®e
 
¶Ç¿é½u¤Wªº±H¥Í¹q®e¨Ï±o«H¸¹ªº¶Ç¿é¤j¨ü¼vÅT
   
¶ZÂ÷¶V»·¡Aloss ¶VÄY­«
   
ÀW²v¶V°ª¡Aloss ¶VÄY­«
Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Loading Coil
 
§ïµ½ 3 KHz ¥H¤UªºÀW²vÅTÀ³
   
unloaded line ªºÀW²vÅT¬O frequency dependent
   
loaded line (¥[¤W inductor) ¦b 3 KHz ¥H¤UªºÀW²vÅT¬O frequency independent
Tue Jun 13 18:53:28 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Signal
Signal
 
¤HÃþ»¡¸ÜªºÁn­µ¬OªÅ®ðªº¾_°Ê¡A¸g¹L³Á§J­·Â^¨ú«á¡A ·|¦¨¬°¨ã¦³±j®z´T«×Åܤƪº¹qÀ£«H¸¹(Signal)¡A ¦¹°T¸¹¬O¤@ºØ³sÄòªºÃþ¤ñ«H¸¹
Tue Jun 13 18:53:29 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Sinusoidal Wave Signal
Tue Jun 13 18:53:29 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Voice Signal

Tue Jun 13 18:53:29 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Decibels (dB) and dBm
 
Power ratio in decibels (dB)

10 log  10   (P  out  /P  in  )
 
Example:
Input power 100W and output power 1W
power ratio is -20dB
 
Power in dB (reference to 1 Watt)
Y dB = 10 log  10   (X Watt)
 
Power in dBm (reference to 1 mWatt)
Y dBm = 10 log  10   (X mWatts)
 
Example:
0 dB = 30 dBm = 1 Watt
Summary
 
P (dBW) = 10 log (P/1 Watt)
 
P (dBm) = 10 log (P/1 mWatt)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:29 CST 2023 Untitled Document
dBm Example
Specification of a WLAN AP
Wireless Transmit Power 20dBm(MAX)
Receiver Sensitivity
  • 270M: -65dBm@10% PER
  • 135M: -65dBm@10% PER
  • 54M: -68dBm@10% PER
  • 11M: -85dBm@8% PER
  • 6M: -88dBm@10% PER
  • 1M: -90dBm@8% PER
Tue Jun 13 18:53:29 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Gain and Attenuation
10 Log 10 (output power/input power)
Gain(dB) Pout(dB)-Pin(dB)
Gain(dB) Pout(dBm)-Pin(dBm)
 
Example:
Input power is 2dBm, system gain is 5dB
What's the output power? Ans: 7dBm
Gain outpur Power > input Power
Attenuation outpur Power < input Power
Tue Jun 13 18:53:29 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
S/N
 
SNR= signal power(Watt)/noise power(Watt)
   
Signal-to-Noise power ratio
   
Relate to the performance of communications systems
   
Bit-error probability
   
Shannon capacity
SNR in dB
 
S/N(dB)= 10 log 10 (S/N power ratio)
 
10 log 10 (signal power(Watt)/noise power(Watt))
Tue Jun 13 18:53:29 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Noise, Interference, SNR
SNR (signal power)/(noise power)
 
Noise: thermal noise
SIR (Signal-to-Interference)
 
(signal power)/(interference power)
   
Sometimes known as C/I (carrier-to-interference ratio)
   
Interference: signals from other simultaneous communications
SINR ( Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise ratio)
 
(signal power)/(interference power+noise power)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:29 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Bandwidth
 
B=f upper - f lower
 
Carrier frequency: fc
 
Example: 802.11 2.4GHz ISM band (channel 1)
f upper 2434 KHz
f lower 2412 KHz
fc 2423 KHz
B 22KHz
Tue Jun 13 18:53:30 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¹q¸Ü¨t²Î«~½èªº¶q«×
 
Listening Quality
 
Conversational Quality
   
Mouth-to-Ear Delay : 300-400 ms
 
Transmission Quality
MOS (Mean Opinion Score)
MOS«ü¼Ð ¨Ï¥ÎªÌº¡·N«×
5 «Ü¦n (Excellent)
4 ¦n (Good)
3 ´¶³q (Fair)
2 ®t (Poor)
1 ·¥®t (Bad)
E-Model
¹q¸ÜÁn­µ¤§«~½è¤§¶q«× (MOS)
Mean Opinion Score (MOS)
MOS Index User Satisfaction
5 Excellent
4 Good
3 Fair
2 Poor
1 Bad
Typical Representation of Call Quality Level
User Opinion MOS (ITU Scaled)
Very satisfied 4.3-5.0
Satisfied 4.0-4.3
Some User Satisfied 3.6-4.0
Many User Dissatisfied 3.1-3.6
Nearly All User Dissatisfied 2.6-3.1
Not Recommended 1.0-2.6
Tue Jun 13 18:53:38 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Time Domain vs. Frequency Domain Voice Spectrum
How to Analyze Signal?
 
¤ÀªR °T¸¹ ªº­«­n°Ñ¼Æ - ÀW²v
Time Domain Frequency Domain
Why use Frequency Domain Spectrum?
How to obtain Frequency Domain Spectrum?
®É°ì«H¸¹ªº·Ó§¯Ãè-³Å¥ß¸­Âà´« Tue Jun 13 18:53:30 CST 2023 Untitled Document
What is Frequency Domain Spectrum?
 
¼Æ¾Ç¤W±`±`¨Ï¥Î transform ¡]Âà´«¡^ªº°Ê§@¡A±N¤@­Ó¨ç¼ÆÂà´«¦¨¥t¤@­Ó¨ç¼Æ¥H¹F¨ì¬Y ºØ¤è«K©Ê¡C

Âà´« ¦n³B
¹ï¼Æ ¥i±N­¼ªkÅܦ¨¥[ªk
Taylor Series ¥i±N«Ü¦h¨ç¼ÆÅܦ¨¦h¶µ¦¡¡A«K©ó¤H¤u­pºâ
Fourier Transform ¥i±N¤@­Ó«H¸¹¤À¸Ñ¦¨ sinusoidal ¦¨¤Àªº¨ç¼Æ
Taylor Series (Wiki)
 
the Taylor series is a representation of a function as an infinite sum of terms calculated from the values of its derivatives at a single point.
 
Fourier Series (Wiki)
 
The series decomposes a periodic function into a sum of simple functions, which may be sines and cosines or may be complex exponentials. Introduced by Joseph Fourier (1768¡V1830) for the purpose of solving the heat equation in a metal plate,
 
Tue Jun 13 18:53:30 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Why use Frequency Domain Spectrum?
 
¤H¦Õ¹ïÀW²v±Ó·P ¡]¹ï©ó¤£¦PÀW²vªºÁn­µ¦³¤£¦P·P¨ü)
 
¬J¦³ªº»y­µª¾Ãѳ£¨Ï¥ÎÀW²v§@¬°¤ÀªR¤u¨ã
   
¼ÖÃСA¼Ö¾¹¡A¦X°Û¡A°ª­µ¡A§C­µ¡A etc.
 
®e©ö¨Ï¥Î¹q¤l¹q¸ô³B²zÀW²v
   
©T©wÀW²v«H¸¹¥Í¦¨¡AÂoªi¾¹¡A«H¸¹¦X¦¨
   
¤G¶¥·L¤À¤èµ{¦¡ªº¸Ñ¬° sinusoidal function
   
§Q¥Î¹qªý¡B¹q·P¡B¹q®e¤T­Ó¤¸¥ó§Y¥iºc¦¨¤G¶¥·L¤À¹q¸ô ¡]¥ç§Y:¨ä¸Ñ¥²¶·²Å¦X¦¹¹q¸ô©Ò¥Nªíªº·L¤À¤èµ{¦¡)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:30 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Fourier Series
 
If a function , defined over an interval , is extended as a periodic function so that then may be expressed in terms of a Fourier series as

Tue Jun 13 18:53:30 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Explain


Tue Jun 13 18:53:30 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Explain


Tue Jun 13 18:53:30 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Square Pulse
Tue Jun 13 18:53:30 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Square Wave
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Square Wave
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¿Óªi
°òÀW
 
Fourial Series ¤¤ªº f
¿Óªi
 
Fourial Series ¤¤ªº 2f, 3f, 4f,..., etc.
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Square Wave
 
¤è§Îªiªºfrequency domian «H¸¹¤§ÀW²v½d³ò¬Û·í¼e¼s¡A§t¦³«Ü¦h °ªÀW¦¨¤À¡A¤£§Q©óªø¶ZÂ÷°ª³t¶Ç¿é
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Harmonic
 
¬°¦ó¤£¦P¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥Xªº¦P­µ¶¥Án­µÅ¥°_¨Ó¤£¦P?
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Harmonic
 
¬°¦ó¤£¦P¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥Xªº¦P­µ¶¥Án­µÅ¥°_¨Ó¤£¦P?
   
¦U¼Ö¾¹¦³¦U¦Ûªº¡u­µ¦â¡v
   
¦U¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥XªºÁn­µ¡A°£¤F°òÀW¤§¥~¡AÁÙ§t¦³³\¦h­¿ÀW¡u¿Óªi¡v¡A¦@¦P²Õ¦¨ ¦U¼Ö¾¹ªº­µ¦â
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Harmonic
 
¬°¦ó¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥XªºÁn­µ§t¦³³\¦h¿Óªi?
 
¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥XªºÁn­µ°£¤F°òÀW¤§­¿ÀW¿Óªi¤§¥~¡A¦³¨S¦³¨ä¥LÀW²vªºÁn­µ?
 
¹q¤l¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥Xªº¼Ö­µ¡A¦³¦ó¯S¦â?
   
¦p¦ó¤À¿ë¹q¤l¼Ö¾¹»P¤ÑµM¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥XÁn­µ¤§¤£¦P?
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Harmonic
 
¬°¦ó¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥XªºÁn­µ§t¦³³\¦h¿Óªi?
ª«²z¸ÑÄÀ
¼Æ¾Ç¸ÑÄÀ
   
¼Ö¾¹ªºµoÁn¾÷ºc¡]¨Ò¦pµ^©¶) ¥i¥Hmodel ¦¨¤G¶¥·L¤À¤èµ{¦¡
   
¤G¶¥·L¤À¤èµ{¦¡ªº¸Ñ¥²¬° sinusoidal function
   
°òÀW¤§©Ò¦³­¿ÀW sinusoidal function ³£¬O¸Ó¤èµ{¦¡ªº¸Ñ
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Harmonic
 
¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥XªºÁn­µ°£¤F°òÀW¤§­¿ÀW¿Óªi¤§¥~¡A¦³¨S¦³¨ä¥LÀW²vªºÁn­µ?
   
²z·Qªº¼Ö¾¹¡AÀ³¸Ó¨S¦³¨ä¥LÀW²vªºÁn­µ
   
¦ý²z·Qªº¼Ö¾¹¤£¦s¦b¡AÀ³¸Ó¦³¨ä¥LÀW²vªºÁn­µ
Tue Jun 13 18:53:31 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Fourier Series - Harmonic
   
¦p¦ó¤À¿ë¹q¤l¼Ö¾¹»P¤ÑµM¼Ö¾¹©Òµo¥XÁn­µ¤§¤£¦P?
 
¹q¤l¼Ö¾¹¯à§Q¥Î³\¦h¨ã­¿ÀWÃö«Y sinusoidal wave ¦X¦¨¼Ö­µ
   
¦ý¦]­­©ó¦¨¥»¡AµLªk¯Ç¤J©Ò¦³­¿ÀW¡A¥BµL¨ä¥L«D­¿ÀWªºÁn­µ¡A ¦]¦¹¡AÅ¥°_¨Ó¤ñ¤ÑµM¼Ö­µ¡u¯Â¡v
Tue Jun 13 18:53:32 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Âoªi¾¹
High Pass Filter (HPF)
Low Pass Filter (LPF)
Band Pass Filter (BPF)
Band Stop Filter (BSF)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:32 CST 2023 Untitled Document
°T¸¹¶Ç°e
Transmission of Signal
 
¥Ø¼Ð¬O­n±N«H¸¹¦b media ¤W¶Ç°eªº¤S§Ö¤S¦n
Tue Jun 13 18:53:32 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Signal Impairment
 
Signal Attenuation
 
Interference
   
CrossTalk
 
Noise
 
Distortion
 
Echo and Echo Avalanche
Tue Jun 13 18:53:32 CST 2023 Untitled Document
CrossTalk
Tue Jun 13 18:53:32 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Echo
 
¬°¦ó¯D«Ç¤º°Ûºq¤ñ¸û¦nÅ¥?
 
ÅS¤Ñ­µ¼ÖÆU»R¥x­I«áªº¦^­µ¾À¤§§@¥Î¬°¦ó?
 
¦b¦óºØ±¡ªp¤U¡A¦^­µÅܦ¨´o¤HªºÁn­µ?
Tue Jun 13 18:53:32 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Active Noice Cancellation
 
Procedure
   
Use Mic to pick up noise
   
Reverse noise
   
send the reversed signal to the ear
 
Ear hear two identical but reversed voice streams that cancel each other
Tue Jun 13 18:53:32 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Echo
 
Echo is caused by the signal reflections of the speaker's voice from the far end telephone equipment back into the speaker's ear.


 
Echo becomes a significant problem when the round-trip delay becomes greater than 50 milliseconds.
   
Need to control echo and implement some means of echo cancellation
Tue Jun 13 18:53:32 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Echo Cancellation

Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023 Untitled Document
°T¸¹¶Ç°e§Þ³N
Ãþ¤ñ©Î¼Æ¦ì
Ãþ¤ñ(Analog)
¨üÂø°T¼vÅT¸û¤j¡A¥Î©ñ¤j¾¹¼W¥[¶Ç°T¶ZÂ÷¡A¦ýÂø°TÀHµÛ©ñ¤j¾¹¦Ó¼W¤j¡A ¤£¾A¦Xªø³~³q°T
¼Æ¦ì(Digital)
¨üÂø°T¼vÅT¸û¤p¡A¥Î Repeater ¼W¥[¶Ç°T¶ZÂ÷¡AÂø°T¥i¹LÂo¡A¾A¦Xªø³~³q°T
¦h¤u (Multiplexing) ·í¨â¥x¥H¤Wªº¹q¸£¦b¦P¤@®É¶¡§Q¥Î¦P¤@¶Ç¿é´CÅé¶Ç°e¸ê®Æ®É¡A¥i¥H§Q¥Î ¦h¤u¡]Multiplexing¡^§Þ³N¨Ó¹F¦¨
Âù¤u(Duplex)»P
³æ¤u(Simplex)
¥þÂù¤u(full duplex)
¤¹³\³q°Tªº¨âºÝ¦b¶Ç¿é´CÅé¤W¦P®ÉÂù¦V¶Ç°e¸ê®Æ
¥bÂù¤u(half duplex)
¤¹³\³q°Tªº¨âºÝÂù¤è¦Vªº¶Ç¿é¸ê®Æ¡A¦ý¤£¥i¦P®É¶Ç¿é¸ê®Æ
³æ¤u (simplex)
¥u¤¹³\³æ¤è¦V¦a¶Ç¿é¸ê®Æ
ÀW¼e (bandwidth) ³q°T³q¹D¥i©Ó¸üªº¸ê°T¶q
°òÀW»P¼eÀW¶Ç¿é
°òÀW¶Ç¿é (Baseband)
±N°T¸¹¥H­ì¨Ó§Î¦¡¶Ç°e(e.g. 1 °ª¹q¦ì 0 §C¹q¦ì)
¼eÀW¶Ç¿é (Broadband)
°T¸¹¸g¹L½ÕÅÜ¡]AM, FM, PM µ¥)«á¦A¶Ç°e
¦P¨B»P«D¦P¨B¶Ç¿é «D¦P¨B¶Ç¿é¬O«ü°eºÝ»P¦¬ºÝ¦b¶Ç°e¸ê®Æ«e¤£¥²¨Æ¥ý·¾³q
§Þ³N¤W¦Ó¨¥¡A«D¦P¨B¶Ç¿é¬O«ü°eºÝ»P¦¬ºÝ¶¡¤£»Ý­n°w¹ï¨C¤@¶Ç°eªº¦ì ¤¸¶i¦æ¦P¨B·¾³q¡]´N¬O¤£·|±N©¼¦¹ªº¯ß½Ä(clock)½Õ¦¨§¹¥þ¦P¨B¡^¡C
Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Noise
Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Effect of Noise
Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023 Untitled Document
°òÀW»P¼eÀW¶Ç¿é
°òÀW¶Ç¿é (Baseband Transmission)
 
±N°T¸¹¥H­ì¨Ó§Î¦¡¶Ç°e
   
(e.g. 1 °ª¹q¦ì 0 §C¹q¦ì)
±`¨£¤§´C¤¶ 50 ¼Ú©i¦P¶b¹qÆl, ³Ìªø¥i ¹F500¤½¤Ø, ¥i¥Îrepeater ¼Wªø
¼eÀW¶Ç¿é (Broadband Transmission)
 
°T¸¹¸g¹L½ÕÅÜ¡]AM, FM, PM µ¥)«á¦A¶Ç°e

   
°T¸¹¦¬¨ì«á¶·¸Ñ½Õ
   
¥i¤ä´© FDM ÀW²v¹º¤À¦h¤u³B²z¡G
   
e.g. 75¼Ú©i¦P¶b¹qÆl¥i¦³ 300 ~ 400MHZÀW¼e¡A¥i±N¦¹ÀW¼e¦A¤Á³Î¦¨³\¦hÀW¹D
Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¼Æ¦ì¡AÃþ¤ñ¡A°òÀW¡A¼eÀW
  Baseband Broadband
Ãþ¤ñ ¶Ç²Î¹q¸Ü ¼s¼½¹q¥x
¼Æ¦ì Ethernet ADSL, Cable Modem

¼Æ¾Ú¾÷ (Modem)
 
¼Æ¾Ú¾÷¡]modem¡^¥]§t¤F½ÕÅÜ¡]¼Æ¦ìÂনÃþ¤ñ¡^¤Î¸Ñ½ÕÅÜ¡]Ãþ¤ñÂন¼Æ¦ì¡^¤§¥\¯à¡C
Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Amplitude and Frequency Modulation

Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Modulation (½ÕÅÜ)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Modulation (½ÕÅÜ)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:33 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Modulation (½ÕÅÜ)
 
AM, FM, PM ¦óªÌ¸û©ö¹ê§@? ¦óªÌ¸ûÃø ?
 
AM, FM, PM ¦óªÌ¸û¦³®Ä²v?
Tue Jun 13 18:53:34 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¼eÀW¶Ç¿é»Pªø¶ZÂ÷³q°T
   
¤è§Îªi°T¸¹¦]§t¦³»Ý¦h°ªÀW«H¸¹¡A¦b¶Ç¿é´CÅé¤W¶Ç°e¤@¬q¶ZÂ÷«á¡A·|¦]±H¥Í¹q®e ³y¦¨ÄY­«ªº°T¸¹°I´î¡C
   
¦Ó¼eÀW¶Ç¿é¬O±N­ì©l«H¸¹½Õ¨î©ó¥¿©¶ªi¤W¡A¤Ö¤F³\¦h°ªÀW«H¸¹¡A °I´î±¡§Î¸û¤£ÄY­«¡A©Ò¥Hªø¶ZÂ÷³q°T±`¥H¼eÀW¶Ç¿é¤è¦¡¶i¦æ¡C
Tue Jun 13 18:53:34 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Eye Pattern
Input Signal Output Signal
Acture Output Signal Eye Analysis
Tue Jun 13 18:53:34 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Acronyms ±M¦³¦Wµü¹ï·Óªí
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line «D¹ïºÙ¦¡¼Æ¦ì¥Î¤á½u¸ô
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode «D¦P¨B¶Ç¿é¼Ò¦¡
B-ISDN Broadband Integrated Service Digital Network ¼eÀW¾ã¦XªA°È¼Æ¦ìºô¸ô
CATV Cable Television ¦³½u¹qµø
CCS7 Common Channel Signaling System Number 7 ¤C¸¹¦@³q¹D«H¸¹
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access ¹º½X¦h¤u±µ¨ú
CM Cable Modem Æl½u¼Æ¾Ú¾÷
CO Central Office ¥«¸Ü¤¤¤ß§½
CODEC Coder/Decoder ½s½X/¸Ñ½X¾¹
CPE Customer Premises Equipment ¥Î¤áºÝ³]³Æ
DNS Domain Name Service ºô°ì¦WºÙªA°È
DQPSK Differential Quaternary Phase Shift Keying ®t°Ê¥|¬Û¦ì²¾Áä
DSL Digital Subscriber Line ¼Æ¦ì¦¡¥Î¤á½u¸ô
DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexer °ª±K«×ªiªø¦h¤u¾¹
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access ¹ºÀW¦h¤u±µ¨ú
FN Fiber Node ¥úÅ֧븨ÂI
FR Frame Relay °T®Ø¶Ç°e
FTTB Fiber To The Building ¥úÅÖ¨ì¤j¼Ó
FTTC Fiber To The Curb ¥úÅÖ¨ìªÀ°Ï
FTTH Fiber To The Home ¥úÅÖ¨ì®a
FTTx (x = B,C) Fiber To-The-x ¥úÅÖ¨ì x
Tue Jun 13 18:53:34 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Acronyms ±M¦³¦Wµü¹ï·Óªí
GPS Global Position Satellite ¥þ²y½Ã¬P©w¦ì¨t²Î
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication ¥þ²y¦æ°Ê³q°T¨t²Î
HDLC High-level Data Link Control °ª¶¥¼Æ¾ÚÃì¸ô±±¨î
HDSL High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line °ª³t¼Æ¦ì¥Î¤á½u¸ô
HFC Hybrid Fiber Coaxial ²V¦X¥úÅÖ¦P¶bºô¸ô
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol ¶W´CÅé¶Ç¿é¨ó©w
IEEE Institute of Electronic Engineers ¹q¾÷¹q¤l¤uµ{¾Ç·|
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force ºô»Úºô¸ô¤uµ{¥ô°È½s²Õ
IN Intelligent Network ´¼¼z«¬ºô¸ô
IP Internet Protocol ºô»Úºô¸ô¨ó©w
I-Phone Internet Phone ºô»Úºô¸ô¹q¸Ü
ISDN Integrated Service Digital Network ¾ã¦XªA°È¼Æ¦ìºô¸ô
ISO International Organization For Standardization °ê»Ú¼Ð·Ç²Õ´
ISP Internet Service Provider ºô»Úºô¸ôªA°È´£¨ÑªÌ
ITU-T International Telecommunication Union ¡V Telecommunication °ê»Ú¹q°TÁp·ù¹q°T¤p²Õ
LMDS Local Multi-point Distributed Service °Ï°ì¦hÂI¤À´²¦¡ªA°È
LNP Local Number Portability ¸¹½X¥iÄâ©Ê
MAC Media Access Control ´CÅé¦s¨ú±±¨î
MPEG Motion Picture Expert Group °Êµe±M®a²Õ´
MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching ¦h­«¨ó©w¼ÐÅҥ洫§Þ³N
MUX Multiplexer ¦h¤u¾¹
Tue Jun 13 18:53:34 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Acronyms ±M¦³¦Wµü¹ï·Óªí
OMAP Operation & Maintenance Administration Part Àç¹BºÞ²z³¡
OSS Operation Support System Àç¹B¤ä´©¨t²Î
PBX Private Branch Exchange ¥Î¤á±M¥Î¥æ´«¾÷
PCM Pulse Code Modulation ³Õ½X½ÕÅÜ
PIN Personal Identification Number ­Ó¤HÃѧO¸¹½X
PN Personal Number ­Ó¤HÀH¨­½X
POI Point Of Interconnection ¤¶±µÂI
PoP Point of Presence ±µÄòÂI
POTS Plain Old Telephone Service ¶Ç²Î¹q¸ÜªA°È
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol ÂI¹ïÂI¶Ç¿é¨ó©w
PRI Primary Rate Interface ¥D­n¶Ç¿é³t²v¤¶­±
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network ¤½²³¹q¸Üºô¸ô
PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit ¥Ã¤[µêÀÀ¹q¸ô
PVP Permanent Virtual Path ¥Ã¤[µêÀÀ¸ô®|
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ¥¿¥æ½Õ´T
QoS Quality of Service ªA°È«~½è
QPSK Quaternary Phase Shift Keying ¥|¬Û¦ì²¾Áä
Tue Jun 13 18:53:34 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Acronyms ±M¦³¦Wµü¹ï·Óªí
RF Radio Frequency ®gÀW
RFC Request For Comments «Øij»Ý¨D®Ñ
RSA Rivest, Salam, Adleman RSA¦w¥þ¨ó©w
RSA Radio Section Adaptation µL½u°T¸¹°Ï¬q½Õ¾A¾¹
RSVP Resource reSerVation Protocol ¸ê·½«O¯d¨ó©w
RTCP RTP Control Protocol RTP±±¨î¨ó©w
RTP Real Time Control Protocol §Y®É¨ó©w
SCE Service Creative Environment ªA°È³Ð§@Àô¹Ò
SCP Service Control Point ªA°È±±¨îÂI
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ¦P¨B¼Æ¦ì¶¥¼h
SET Secure Electronics Transaction ¦w¥þ¹q¤l¥æ©ö¼Ð·Ç
SIB Service Independent Building Block ªA°È«Ø¥ß¤è¶ô
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol ²³æºôºÞ¨ó©w
SOHO Small Office Home Office ¤p«¬©Î®a®x¿ì¤½«Ç
SONET Synchronous Optic NETwork ¦P¨B¥úÅÖºô¸ô
SSP Service Switching Point ªA°È¥æ´«ÂI
SS7 Signaling System Number 7 ¤C¸¹¦@³q¹D«H¸¹
STB Set Top Box ¿ï¥x¾¹
STM Synchronous Transport Mode ¦P¨B¶Ç¿é¼Ò¦¡
STP Signal Transfer Point «H¸¹Âà´«ÂI
SVC Switched Virtual Circuit ¥æ´«¦¡µêÀÀ¹q¸ô
Tue Jun 13 18:53:34 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Acronyms ±M¦³¦Wµü¹ï·Óªí
TA Terminal Adaptor ²×ºÝ°t±µ¾¹
TCAP Transaction Control Application Part ¥æ©ö±±¨îÀ³¥Î³¡¤À
TCP Transmission Control Protocol ¶Ç¿é±±¨î¨ó©w
TDM Time Division Multiplex ¹º®É¦h¤u
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access ¹º®É¦h¤u±µ¨ú
UDP User Datagram Protocol ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¸ê®Æ¥]¨ó©w
UHF Ultra-High Frequency ¶W°ªÀW
VHF Very High Frequency «D±`°ªÀW
VOD Video On Demand ÀH¿ïµø°T
VoIP Voice-over-IP IPºô¸ô¹q¸Ü
VPC Virtual Path Connection µêÀÀ¸ô®|³sµ²
VPN Virtual Private Network µêÀÀ¥ø·~ºô¸ô
WLL Wireless Local Loop µL½u°Ï°ì°j¸ô
Tue Jun 13 18:53:34 CST 2023 Untitled Document
ÀW¼e
Ãþ¤ñ¨t²Î
  • Hz ¨C¬í¥i¶Ç°e¤§ sin wave
¼Æ¦ì¨t²Î
  • bps: ¨C¬í¥i¶Ç°e¤§¦ì¤¸¼Æ
  • baud: ¨C¬í¥i§ïÅÜ°T¸¹¤§¦¸¼Æ
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023 Untitled Document
³Ì¤jÀW¼e - Shannon²z½×
Media ¥i¥H©Ó¸üªº³Ì¤jÀW¼e
 
Nyquist²z½× (¨S¦³Âø°T)
   
D bps = 2 B log 2 K
 
Shannon²z½× (¦Ò¼{Âø°T)
   
maximum number of bits/sec C = B log 2 (1 + S/N)
C capacity (bps) rate at which data can be communicated
B bandwidth (Hz) the bandwidth of the transmitted signal as constrained by the transmitter and the nature of the transmission medium
S/N Linear Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Evaluation of communication scheme performance
 
How close to Shannon bound?
 
Spectral efficiency (bit/s/Hz)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Bandwidth Table
¦³½u´C¤¶ ÀW¼e
»y­µ¯Å (voice grade) ¹q¸Ü½u 3 KHz
¼eÀW (wideband ) ¹q¸Ü½u 48 KHz
¦P¶b¹qÆl (cable ) Over 400 MHz
¥úÅÖ 0.1 - 4 GHz

µL½u´C¤¶ ÀW¼e
AM 10 KHz
TV 6 MHz
½Ã¬PÂàÀW¾¹ (Transponder) 36 MHz
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023 Untitled Document
ÀW¼e»Ý¨D
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¡]³t«×³W®æ) ÀW¼e³W®æ
Speed Specification
SDH SONET Line Speed (Mbps)
  OC-1 51.84
STM-1 OC-3 155.52
  OC-9 466.56
STM-4 OC-12 622.08
  OC-18 933.12
STM-8 OC-24 1244.16
STM-12 OC-36 1866.24
STM-16 OC-48 2488.32

¦WºÙ Line Speed (Mbps)
T1 1.544
DS1 1.544
E1 2
T3 45
DS3 45
FDDI 100

Speed Specification (Digital)

ºô¸ôºØÃþ Line Speed
X.25 9.6 - 64 Kbps
Frame Relay 64 Kbps - 2 Mbps
ATM 45 Mbps - 5 Gbps
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023 Untitled Document
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¨C¬í¥i¶Ç°eªº¸ê°T (bit)
Questions ?
 
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ºô¸ô³t«×¬° 1 Mbps
 
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Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023 Untitled Document
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Router/Switch Processing Time
ºô¸ô¦Ulink ¤§queueing Time
Propagation Delay Time
   
«H¸¹¡A«Ê¥]µ¥¦bºô¸ô¤¤¶Ç»¼¡A¥²¶·¦Ò¼{ propagation delay time !!!
 
Propagation delay time »Pºô¸ô³t«×(ÀW¼e) µLÃö¡A¦Ó»P¹qºÏªi¶Ç»¼³t«×¦³Ãö
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023 Untitled Document
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¹qºÏªi¦b¯uªÅ¤¤¥H ¥ú³t «e¶i 300,000 km/s
 
¨C¬íÄÁ¥i¶¦a²y¤C°é¥b
¹qºÏªi¦b»É¾É½u(Catagory 5)¤¤¥H ±µªñ¥ú³t «e¶i 231,000 km/s
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¤j¶ZÂ÷
  Distance Light Traveling Time
¨ª¹Dªø«× 40,075 km 2/15 sec
Earth to Moon Avg 384,403 km (238,857 miles)
Min 363,104 km (225,622 miles)
Max 405,696 km (252,088 miles).
Avg 1.28 sec
Min 1.21 sec
Max 1.35 sec
Earth to Sun 149,597,892 km (92,955,820.5 miles ) 498.66 sec (8.3 min)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:35 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¤p¶ZÂ÷
¥ú¦æ¨«®É¶¡ ¶ZÂ÷
1 ms 300 km
1 ns 30 cm
1 ps 0.03 cm
Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¦h¤u (Multiplexing)
 
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Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¦h¤u (Multiplexing)
¤ÀÀW¦h¤u ¡]FDM - Frequency Division Multiplexing¡^
   
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e.g. ¹qµø¡A Radio ¼s¼½
WDM - Wavelength Division Multiplexing
 
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¤À®É¦h¤u¡]TDM - Time Division Multiplexing¡^
   
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e.g. Time Sharing OS
Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Time Division Multiplexing
Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Time Division Multiplexing
Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Synchronous vs. Asynchronous
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Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Spectrum
Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Spectrum Allocation - US
Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Spectrum Allocation - Singapo
Tue Jun 13 18:53:36 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¹q¸ÜÁn­µ«~½è¤§¶q«×
Listening Quality How users rate what they "listen" during a call.
Conversational Quality How users rate the overall quality of a call based on listening quality and their ability to converse during a call. This includes any echo or delay related difficulties that may affect the conversation.
Transmission Quality The quality of the network connection used to carry the voice signal. This is a measure of network service quality as opposed to the specific call quality.
Tue Jun 13 18:53:37 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¹q¸Ü¨t²Î«~½èªº¶q«×
 
Listening Quality
 
Conversational Quality
   
Mouth-to-Ear Delay : 300-400 ms
 
Transmission Quality
MOS (Mean Opinion Score)
MOS«ü¼Ð ¨Ï¥ÎªÌº¡·N«×
5 «Ü¦n (Excellent)
4 ¦n (Good)
3 ´¶³q (Fair)
2 ®t (Poor)
1 ·¥®t (Bad)
E-Model
¹q¸ÜÁn­µ¤§«~½è¤§¶q«× (MOS)
Mean Opinion Score (MOS)
MOS Index User Satisfaction
5 Excellent
4 Good
3 Fair
2 Poor
1 Bad
Typical Representation of Call Quality Level
User Opinion MOS (ITU Scaled)
Very satisfied 4.3-5.0
Satisfied 4.0-4.3
Some User Satisfied 3.6-4.0
Many User Dissatisfied 3.1-3.6
Nearly All User Dissatisfied 2.6-3.1
Not Recommended 1.0-2.6
Tue Jun 13 18:53:38 CST 2023 Untitled Document
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ÀW¼e­n¨D 64kbps
¹ï Delay ¤§®e§Ô«× < (300-400)ms
¹ï Jitter ¤§®e§Ô«× ¥i®e³\¬YºØµ{«×¤§ jitter
<= 50ms
¹ï Loss ¤§®e§Ô«× ¥i®e³\¬YºØµ{«×¤§ loss
<= 3%
Tue Jun 13 18:53:38 CST 2023 Untitled Document
¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¹ï Delay ¤§®e§Ô«×
Tue Jun 13 18:53:38 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Voice Spectrum
Tue Jun 13 18:53:38 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Analog to Digital
   
Ãþ¤ñ«H¸¹¦Ü¼Æ¦ì«H¸¹¤§Âà´«ºÙ¬° Analog-To-Digital (A2D)
 
¨ú¼Ë (Sampling)
   
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Sampling + Quantization
°ÝÃD: Sampling Frequency À³¸Ó¦h°ª?
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Sampling Frequency
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Sampling Frequency - Nyquist Theorem
 
How many samples per second are needed?
 
Nyquist Theorem: Sampling Frequency >= ³Ì°ªÀW²vªº2­¿
 
Voice Bandwidth - 300Hz to 3400 Hz
 
4K x 2 = 8k samples/sec
 
8K x 8 bit/sample = 64kbps
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Sampling of Telephone and CD
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CD ­µ¼Ö¬O¥H44.1 kHzªº¨ú¼ËÀW²v¨ú¼Ë
¹q¸Ü »y­µ«H¸¹¥D­nªºÀW²v¦¨¤À¦b300 Hz ¡ã4kHz¡C
¬G²{¦æ¹q¸Ü¨t²Îªº¨ú ¼ËÀW²v¬°8 kHz
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Quantization Error
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023 Untitled Document
PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023 Untitled Document
PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023 Untitled Document
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RS-232-C
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Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Telecom Services
Tue Jun 13 18:53:39 CST 2023 Untitled Document
Network Management
Tue Jun 13 18:53:40 CST 2023