| ls |
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ls [ options ] [ file(s) ] |
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| List the contents of file directories. |
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| -1 |
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| Digit one. Force single-column output. In interactive mode, ls normally uses multiple columns of minimal width to fit the current window. |
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| -a |
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| Show all files, including hidden files (those whose names begin with a dot). |
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| -d |
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| Print information about directories themselves, rather than about files that they contain. |
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| -F |
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| Mark certain file types with special suffix characters. |
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| -g |
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| Group only: omit the owner name (implies -l (lowercase L)). |
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| -i |
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| List inode numbers. |
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| -L |
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| Follow symbolic links, listing the files that they point to. |
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| -l |
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| Lowercase L. List in long form, with type, protection, owner, group, byte count, last modification time, and filename. |
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| -r |
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| Reverse the default sort order. |
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| -R |
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| List recursively, descending into each subdirectory. |
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| -S |
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| Sort by descending file byte counts. GNU version only. |
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| -s |
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| List file size in (system-dependent) blocks. |
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| -t |
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| Sort by the last-modification timestamp. |
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| ¡Xfull-time |
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| Show the complete timestamp. GNU version only. |
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| ls normally shows only the names of files: additional options are always needed to get information about file attributes. Files are sorted by default in lexicographical order, but that can be changed with the -S or -t options. Sorting order may also depend on the locale. |
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| Most implementations of ls offer many more options than we have shown here; consult your local manual pages for details. |
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