Cellular

簡介

細胞系統

細胞系統

細胞系統

細胞系統

細胞系統

四細胞系統

七細胞系統

Spectrum reuse

Cell

無線電接取服務

Base Station

Base Station

Base Station

Base Station

Base Station

Base Station in Athens

Base Station on Mt. Royal, Montreal

Base Station on Mt. Royal, Montreal

Base Station on YiLan Railway

Base Station on Alps

Fake Base Station

Air Base Station

網路架構

Base Station and BSC

HLR/VLR Database

Handoff

行動電話網路與固定網路互連

通訊階層架構

細胞分裂

MultiCell

Registration Procedure

Call Setup Procedure

Cellular System Evolution

IS-41

IS-41

Inter-Base Station Handoff

Inter-System Handoff

International Roaming

International Roaming

Evolutionary Development

Practical deployment issues

Wireless QoS - Issues

Wireless QoS - Control

Analog

GSM

功能架構

Mobility

行動通訊癱瘓原因

Mobile Communications were Vulnerable

Mobile Communications were Vulnerable

Mobile Communications were Vulnerable

Mobile Communications were Vulnerable

Mobile Communications were Vulnerable

Available Options

Voluntary MANET Based P2Pnet

Feasibility Assessment

First Generation System Deployment

頻譜分配

行動電話市場成長

國內行動電話市場成長

Dream

What a Complicated Business Card

Expected Solution

PCS Network Concept

Zonal Service Model

四層架構

Untitled Document
簡介
 
1946 年公眾無線電話在美國 St. Louis 開始
 
高功率、高天線，大涵蓋區、連接 PSTN
 
低頻道量、用戶少
 
1976 年 New York Area 只有 543 客戶， 3700 門號
蜂巢概念
 
頻道重複使用，加大容量
FR ../WirelessTech mobile Wed Mar 28 23:30:00 CST 2012 Untitled Document
細胞系統
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細胞系統
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細胞系統
Wed Mar 28 23:30:01 CST 2012 Untitled Document
細胞系統
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細胞系統
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四細胞系統
 
Frequency Reuse
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七細胞系統
 
Frequency Reuse
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Spectrum reuse
 
Reuse the same EM spectrum in other geographical location
Frequency Reuse Factor 
  1 / 


the number of cell in a Cluster
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Cell
Cell
  • Typically, cells are hexagonal
  • In practice, it depends on available cell sites and radio propagation conditions
    • Sector
  • Partial area of a cell that is served by a directional antenna
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    無線電接取服務
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    Base Station
    中華電信基地台
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    Base Station
    台北火車站屋頂上基地台
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    Base Station
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    Base Station
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    Base Station
    美國芝加哥附近 基地台
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    Base Station in Athens
    希臘 雅典 基地台
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    Base Station on Mt. Royal, Montreal
    加拿大 蒙特婁 基地台
    Base Station on West Lafayette
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    Base Station on Mt. Royal, Montreal
    加拿大 蒙特婁 基地台
    Base Station on West Lafayette
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    Base Station on YiLan Railway
    宜蘭 基地台
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    Base Station on Alps
    瑞士 阿爾卑斯山 及 Lugano 基地台
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    Fake Base Station

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    Air Base Station
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    網路架構
    BS (Base Station)
    MS (Mobile Station)
    SS (Subscriber Station)
    MT (Mobile Terminal)
    MN (Mobile Node)
    Gateway to the wireline system (backhaul)
    Database (HLR/VLR)
    MSC (Mobile Switching Center)
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    Base Station and BSC
     
    BS includes 2 components
    BTS Base Transceiver System
    BSC Base Station Controller
  • Controllers for transceivers
  • Typically, 1 BSC controls several BTS

    • Down Link
    (Forward Link)     		BS -> MS
    Up Link
    (Reverse Link)     		MS -> BS
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    HLR/VLR Database
     
    Track user location and billing information
    HLR (home location register)
     
    Track current user locations
    VLR (visitor location register)
     
    Track roaming users
    HLR/VLR
       
    Two-tier location database for user location management Concept of “home”
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    Handoff
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    行動電話網路與固定網路互連
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    通訊階層架構
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    細胞分裂
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    MultiCell
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    Registration Procedure
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    Call Setup Procedure
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    Cellular System Evolution
    1G AMPS
    2G GSM, TDMA, CDMA, PCS, etc.
    3G WCDMA, TDS-CDMA (TD-SCDMA), cdma-2000
    4G LTE, WiMAX(????)
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    IS-41
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    IS-41
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    Inter-Base Station Handoff
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    Inter-System Handoff
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    International Roaming
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    International Roaming
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    Evolutionary Development
    Early Stage Intermediate Stage Late Stage
     
    Multiple stages of deployment
     
    Deployment evolves with subscriber growth
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    Practical deployment issues
    Selction of Base Station Location
     
    Antenna towers are expensive
     
    Local people do not like BSs
    Selection of Antenna
     
    Omni-directional
     
    Directional antenna
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    Wireless QoS - Issues
    Quality of Service (QoS)
       
    Achieving satisfactory wireless QoS is an important design objective
    Quality measures
    Blocking probability
    Dropping probability
    Coverage probability of receiving adequate signal level at different locations
    Transmission quality fidelity/quality of received signals
  • Bit Error Rate (BER)
  • Frame Error Rate (FER)
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    Wireless QoS - Control
    Scheme Concerned Factors
    Admission control
  • Blocking probability
  • Reception quality
    • Co-channels Design
  • Frequency reuse factor
  • Cell planning
  • Frequency planning
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    Analog
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    GSM
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    功能架構
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    Mobility
    Terminal Mobility
    Personal Mobility
    Service Mobility
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    行動通訊癱瘓原因

    ⊕ Base stations crashed

     
    The most known cause
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    Mobile Communications were Vulnerable

    ⊕ Trunk lines broken

     
    921 Jiji Earthquake
     
    921 Jiji Earthquake
     
    921 Jiji Earthquake
     
    921 Jiji Earthquake
     
    88 Flood (8/8/2009, Taiwan)
     
    88 Flood (8/8/2009, Taiwan)
     
    88 Flood (8/8/2009, Taiwan)
     
    88 Flood (8/8/2009, Taiwan)
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    Mobile Communications were Vulnerable

    ⊕ Equipments (such as switches) were down due to power outage

     
    External Power outage
     
    Backup power generators were out because of fuel exhausted
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    Mobile Communications were Vulnerable

    ⊕ Equipments (such as switches) were down due to cooling system failure

     
    Running water outage
     
    water towers fell down,
     
    cooling pipelines broken
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    Mobile Communications were Vulnerable
    Cell phone out of power and chargers not available
    Voluntary rescue workers didn't know each other's phone number
    Voice traffic jammed
     
    Communication systems were overwhelmed by extremely huge traffic
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    Mobile Communications were Vulnerable
    Required a miracle for a cellular mobile system to survive even for a robust system with 99.999% reliability.
     
    Even if there is a miracle, volunteers do not know each other and do not have time to remember large amount of phone numbers.
    A survived cellular communication system provides not too much help either.
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    Available Options
    Walkie-Talkie The most convenient and reliable, but low popularity
    Emergency Mobile Base Stations for cell phones Not Sufficient
    Specialized Emergency Communication Systems Too expensive, need special training, for professional rescue squads only
    Voluntary MANET very popular, affordable in large scale
    Example of Specialized Emergency Communication Systems
     
    IMSE (Improved Mobile Subscriber Equipment)
       
    Military Mobile Communication Systems using UHF, VHF, SHF freq bands
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    Voluntary MANET Based P2Pnet
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    Feasibility Assessment
    Availability of WiFi-ready notebooks
     
    popularity of WiFi-ready notebooks >> Walkie-Talkie
     
    Low-power long-life lite-weight netbooks are getting popular
    Availability of powers
     
    users used to carry power adapter
     
    portable power generator are popular in Taiwan
     
    low fuel consumption - do not need too much fuel
    Low Stocking Cost
     
    No need to stock
    Easy to deploy
     
    Installing PC software doesn't need special training
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    First Generation System Deployment
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    頻譜分配
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    行動電話市場成長
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    國內行動電話市場成長
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    Dream
    Wed Mar 28 23:30:09 CST 2012 Untitled Document
    What a Complicated Business Card 
    Ping-Wen Ong
MTS
Microsystem Department
101 Crawtords Corner Road 
Rm 4C422                   
Holmdel. NJ 07733          
USA
    908 9496839 (office)
908 949-60 1 0 (office fax)
800 CALLONG (toll free)
908 949-6666 (mOdem)
908 21 3-1 234 (mObile phOne)
908 21 3-1 233 (mobile fax)
800 SKYTELLZ (pager)
908 949-661 2 (voice mail)
908 666-7777 (home)
908 666-7778 (home fax)
Emaii ong@Iucent.com
Compuserve 1 2345, 67890
Home page httpilwww. Iucent. com/ong
    Wed Mar 28 23:30:10 CST 2012 Untitled Document
    Expected Solution
     
    Compitable with multiple standard
     
    Easy to Operate
     
    Easy to Upgrade
     
    Worldwide Access
     
    Long Operating Life
     
    Low Cost
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    PCS Network Concept
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    Zonal Service Model
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    四層架構
    Wed Mar 28 23:30:10 CST 2012