ls |
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ls [ options ] [ file(s) ] |
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List the contents of file directories. |
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-1 |
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Digit one. Force single-column output. In interactive mode, ls normally uses multiple columns of minimal width to fit the current window. |
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-a |
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Show all files, including hidden files (those whose names begin with a dot). |
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-d |
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Print information about directories themselves, rather than about files that they contain. |
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-F |
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Mark certain file types with special suffix characters. |
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-g |
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Group only: omit the owner name (implies -l (lowercase L)). |
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-i |
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List inode numbers. |
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-L |
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Follow symbolic links, listing the files that they point to. |
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-l |
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Lowercase L. List in long form, with type, protection, owner, group, byte count, last modification time, and filename. |
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-r |
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Reverse the default sort order. |
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-R |
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List recursively, descending into each subdirectory. |
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-S |
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Sort by descending file byte counts. GNU version only. |
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-s |
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List file size in (system-dependent) blocks. |
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-t |
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Sort by the last-modification timestamp. |
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¡Xfull-time |
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Show the complete timestamp. GNU version only. |
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ls normally shows only the names of files: additional options are always needed to get information about file attributes. Files are sorted by default in lexicographical order, but that can be changed with the -S or -t options. Sorting order may also depend on the locale. |
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Most implementations of ls offer many more options than we have shown here; consult your local manual pages for details. |
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