as(1)			    GNU Development Tools			as(1)




NAME
  GNU as--the portable GNU assembler.


SYNOPSIS
  as [-a|-al|-as] [-D] [-f] [-I path] [-K] [-L] [-o objfile] [-R] [-v] [-w]
  [-- | files...]

  i960-only options:
  [-ACA|-ACA_A|-ACB|-ACC|-AKA|-AKB|-AKC|-AMC] [-b] [-no-relax]

  m680x0-only options:
  [-l] [-mc68000|-mc68010|-mc68020


DESCRIPTION
  GNU as is really a family of assemblers. If you use (or have used) the  GNU
  assembler on one architecture, you should find a fairly similar environment
  when you use it on another architecture.  Each version has much  in  common
  with	the  others, including object file formats, most assembler directives
  (often called pseudo-ops) and assembler syntax.

  For information on the syntax and pseudo-ops used by GNU as, see `as' entry
  in info (or the manual Using as: The GNU Assembler).

  as is primarily intended to assemble the output of the GNU C	compiler  gcc
  for  use  by	the linker ld.	Nevertheless, we've tried to make as assemble
  correctly everything that the native assembler would.	 This doesn't mean as
  always uses the same syntax as another assembler for the same architecture;
  for example, we know of several incompatible	versions  of  680x0  assembly
  language syntax.

  Each time you run as it assembles exactly one source program.	  The  source
  program  is  made  up	 of one or more files.	(The standard input is also a
  file.)

  If as is given no file names it attempts to read one input file from the as
  standard  input,  which  is  normally	 your terminal.	 You may have to type
  ctl-D to tell as there is no more program to assemble.   Use	`--'  if  you
  need to explicitly name the standard input file in your command line.

  as may write warnings and error messages to the standard error  file	(usu-
  ally	your  terminal).  This should not happen when as is run automatically
  by a compiler.  Warnings report an assumption made so that  as  could	 keep
  assembling  a	 flawed program; errors report a grave problem that stops the
  assembly.


OPTIONS

  -a|-al|-as
       Turn on assembly listings; `-al', listing only, `-as',  symbols	only,
       `-a', everything.

  -D   This option is accepted only for script compatibility  with  calls  to
       other assemblers; it has no effect on as.

  -f   ``fast''--skip preprocessing (assume source is compiler output).

  -I path
       Add path to the search list for .include directives.

  -K   Issue warnings when difference tables altered for long displacements.

  -L   Keep (in symbol table) local symbols, starting with `L'

  -o objfile
       Name the object-file output from as

  -R   Fold data section into text section

  -v   Announce as version

  -W   Suppress warning messages

  -- | files...
       Source files to assemble, or standard input (--)

  -Avar
       (When configured for Intel 960.) Specify	 which	variant	 of  the  960
       architecture is the target.

  -b   (When configured for Intel 960.) Add code to collect statistics	about
       branches taken.

  -no-relax
       (When configured for  Intel  960.)  Do  not  alter  compare-and-branch
       instructions for long displacements; error if necessary.

  -l   (When configured for Motorola 68000).
       Shorten references to undefined symbols, to one word instead of two.

  -mc68000|-mc68010|-mc68020
       (When configured for Motorola 68000).
       Specify what processor in the 68000  family  is	the  target  (default
       68020)


  Options may be in any order, and may be  before,  after,  or	between	 file
  names.  The order of file names is significant.

  `--' (two hyphens) by itself names the standard input file  explicitly,  as
  one of the files for as to assemble.

  Except for `--' any command line argument that begins with a	hyphen	(`-')
  is  an  option.  Each option changes the behavior of as.  No option changes
  the way another option works.	 An option is a `-' followed by one  or	 more
  letters; the case of the letter is important.	  All options are optional.

  The `-o' option expects exactly one file name to follow.  The file name may
  either immediately follow the option's letter (compatible with older assem-
  blers) or it may be the next command argument (GNU standard).

  These two command lines are equivalent:
  as  -o  my-object-file.o  mumble.s
  as  -omy-object-file.o  mumble.s


SEE ALSO
  `as' entry in info; Using as: The GNU Assembler; gcc(1), ld(1).




COPYING
  Copyright (c) 1991, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

  Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual
  provided  the	 copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on
  all copies.

  Permission is granted to copy and  distribute	 modified  versions  of	 this
  manual  under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
  resulting derived work is distributed	 under	the  terms  of	a  permission
  notice identical to this one.

  Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations  of	 this  manual
  into	another	 language,  under the above conditions for modified versions,
  except that this permission notice may be included in translations approved
  by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English.