行動通訊與行動計算

Outline

Introduction to Communications

Mechanical Telegraph Used in Crimean War

Watch Tower System

Mechanical Telegraph

French Mechanical Telegraph

Electrical Telegraph

Electrical Telegraph Operators in 1892

Alexander Graham Bell

Can Phone

Evolution of Phone Set

Telephone Pole

Telephone Pole

Telephone Pole

Switch Board

Telephone Network Components

Transmission

Transmission Media

影響電子信號在導線中傳輸效率的因素

傳輸媒介 - Twisted Pair Cable

傳輸媒介 - Cable

傳輸媒介

Comparison of Transmision Medias

Signal

Voice Signal

Time Domain vs. Frequency Domain Voice Spectrum

訊號傳送技術

Noise, Interference, SNR

基頻與寬頻傳輸

數位,類比,基頻,寬頻

Amplitude and Frequency Modulation

Modulation (調變)

Bandwidth

頻寬與速度

頻寬與速度

頻寬與速度

大距離

小距離

多工 (Multiplexing)

多工 (Multiplexing)

Time Division Multiplexing

Synchronous vs. Asynchronous

電話聲音之品質之量度 (MOS)

電話聲音之品質要求

Voice Spectrum

Analog to Digital

Sampling Frequency - Nyquist Theorem

Switch

Fully Connected Phone Network

Switch

Switch Antique

Trunk (幹線)

PSTN

網路互連

U.S. PSTN

台灣 PSTN 互連

網路互連

電信網路信號 (Signaling)

Call Flow

Wireless Technology

A Brief History

RF Signal Propagation

Spectrum Allocation

ITU-R defined ISM Bands

Spectrum Allocation - US

Spectrum Allocation - Singapo

Multipath Interference Problem

Multipath Interference Problem

Rain Attenuation

Doppler Effect

MultiAccess Technology

FDMA

TDMA

TDMA

Spread Spectrum

CDMA

雙工 (Full-Duplex)

行動通訊簡介

Scopes of Mobile Communications

行動通訊簡史

四細胞系統

七細胞系統

無線電接取服務

Base Station

Base Station

Base Station

Air Base Station

網路架構

行動電話網路與固定網路互連

Registration Procedure

Call Setup Procedure

Handoff

Inter-System Handoff

International Roaming

何謂GSM?

GSM的特色

SIM卡

PUK碼

IMEI

行動數據

GPRS 簡介

GPRS Architecture

3GSpeed

3GPP Reference Architecture

Logical 3G 網路元件

行動通訊癱瘓原因

Mobile Communications were Vulnerable

Mobile Communications were Vulnerable

Mobile Communications were Vulnerable

Mobile Communications were Vulnerable

Mobile Communications were Vulnerable

Voluntary MANET Based P2Pnet

衛星通訊

衛星通訊系統特性

Synchronous Satellite

Synchronous Satellite

衛星通訊頻率

衛星通訊分類

Iridium

Space Objects

What is GPS?

Selective Availability

GPS 衛星分佈狀況

衛星定位的原理

GPS的用途

WLAN 技術

802.11 WLAN

MANET

Sensor Network

Bluetooth

WiMAX

What is WiMax?

WiMAX vs. WLAN

行動計算的應用

Future


Untitled Document
Outline

♦ 電信網路簡史

♦ 傳輸媒介

♦ 信號

♦ 傳輸技術

♦ 交換技術

♦ 無線電技術

♦ 行動通訊簡介

♦ 衛星通訊

♦ WLAN 技術

♦ 行動計算的應用

Sun Feb 6 00:45:29 CST 2011

Untitled Document
Introduction to Communications
Sun Feb 6 00:45:30 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Mechanical Telegraph Used in Crimean War
Sun Feb 6 00:45:30 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Watch Tower System
Sun Feb 6 00:45:30 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Mechanical Telegraph
Sun Feb 6 00:45:30 CST 2011 Untitled Document
French Mechanical Telegraph
Sun Feb 6 00:45:31 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Electrical Telegraph
Sun Feb 6 00:45:31 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Electrical Telegraph Operators in 1892
Sun Feb 6 00:45:31 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Alexander Graham Bell
Sun Feb 6 00:45:31 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Can Phone
Sun Feb 6 00:45:32 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Evolution of Phone Set
Sun Feb 6 00:45:32 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Telephone Pole
Sun Feb 6 00:45:32 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Telephone Pole
Sun Feb 6 00:45:32 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Telephone Pole
Sun Feb 6 00:45:33 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Switch Board
Sun Feb 6 00:45:33 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Telephone Network Components
Sun Feb 6 00:45:33 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Transmission
Sun Feb 6 00:45:33 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Transmission Media
Sun Feb 6 00:45:33 CST 2011 Untitled Document
影響電子信號在導線中傳輸效率的因素
Sun Feb 6 00:45:34 CST 2011 Untitled Document
傳輸媒介 - Twisted Pair Cable
Sun Feb 6 00:45:34 CST 2011 Untitled Document
傳輸媒介 - Cable
Sun Feb 6 00:45:34 CST 2011 Untitled Document
傳輸媒介
雙絞線 雙絞線是包含有兩條絞在一起、互相絕緣的導線,易受電磁波的干擾
以目前的技術,在100 公尺以內的雙絞線,可以達到10~100 Mbps 的傳輸速率
使用雙絞線的例子:Ethernet 10BaseT
同軸電纜 同軸電纜包含內外兩層導體,中間則為絕緣的材料,
區域網路使用的同軸電纜主要有兩種規格:50 歐姆, 75 歐姆
50 歐姆 Cable
  • 用來傳送 baseband 數位訊號,
  • 速率大約為 10Mbps,
  • 傳輸的範圍大約為數公里,
  • 可接100部以上電腦
75 歐姆 Cable
  • 用來傳送 broadband 類比訊號(與CATV同),
  • 頻寬約為 300~400MHZ,
  • 平均每個頻道頻寬:6MHZ/channel,
  • 平均每個頻道傳輸速率:20Mbps/channel,
  • 傳輸的範圍大約為數公里,
  • 可接1000部以上電腦
光纖 基本結構包含一條光纖以及絕緣保護等材料
常見的光源有兩種: 發光二極體 (LED), 雷射二極體(Laser)
適於長距離、高速率(100 公里以上, 500 Mbps 以上) 的資料傳輸
微波(Microwave) 可用在長途電話之中繼
紅外線(Infrared) 遙控器即是使用紅外線來傳資料,印表機及Notebook均有內建紅外線通訊介面。
雷射(Laser) 光除了利用光纖傳送外,也可在空中直接傳送。通常利用固定在高處的 傳送/接收設備來進行通訊。
Sun Feb 6 00:45:34 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Comparison of Transmision Medias

⊕ 媒介選擇因素

♦ 網路架構

    (broadcast vs. point-to-point)

♦ 資料傳輸量

♦ 可靠度

♦ 鋪設環境

Sun Feb 6 00:45:35 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Signal
Sun Feb 6 00:45:35 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Voice Signal
Sun Feb 6 00:45:35 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Time Domain vs. Frequency Domain Voice Spectrum

♦ 分析 訊號 的重要參數 - 頻率

Time Domain Frequency Domain
Sun Feb 6 00:45:35 CST 2011 Untitled Document
訊號傳送技術
Sun Feb 6 00:45:36 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Noise, Interference, SNR
Sun Feb 6 00:45:36 CST 2011 Untitled Document
基頻與寬頻傳輸
Sun Feb 6 00:45:36 CST 2011 Untitled Document
數位,類比,基頻,寬頻
Sun Feb 6 00:45:36 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Amplitude and Frequency Modulation
Sun Feb 6 00:45:37 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Modulation (調變)
Sun Feb 6 00:45:37 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Bandwidth
Sun Feb 6 00:45:37 CST 2011 Untitled Document
頻寬與速度
Sun Feb 6 00:45:37 CST 2011 Untitled Document
頻寬與速度
Sun Feb 6 00:45:38 CST 2011 Untitled Document
頻寬與速度
Sun Feb 6 00:45:38 CST 2011 Untitled Document
大距離
Sun Feb 6 00:45:38 CST 2011 Untitled Document
小距離
Sun Feb 6 00:45:38 CST 2011 Untitled Document
多工 (Multiplexing)
Sun Feb 6 00:45:39 CST 2011 Untitled Document
多工 (Multiplexing)
Sun Feb 6 00:45:39 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Time Division Multiplexing
Sun Feb 6 00:45:39 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Synchronous vs. Asynchronous
Sun Feb 6 00:45:40 CST 2011 Untitled Document
電話聲音之品質之量度 (MOS)
Sun Feb 6 00:45:41 CST 2011 Untitled Document
電話聲音之品質要求
Sun Feb 6 00:45:42 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Voice Spectrum
Sun Feb 6 00:45:43 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Analog to Digital
Sun Feb 6 00:45:44 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Sampling Frequency - Nyquist Theorem
Sun Feb 6 00:45:45 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Switch
Switch
Sun Feb 6 00:45:45 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Fully Connected Phone Network
Sun Feb 6 00:45:46 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Switch
Sun Feb 6 00:45:47 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Switch Antique
Sun Feb 6 00:45:47 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Trunk (幹線)
Sun Feb 6 00:45:48 CST 2011 Untitled Document
PSTN
Sun Feb 6 00:45:48 CST 2011 Untitled Document
網路互連
Sun Feb 6 00:45:48 CST 2011 Untitled Document
U.S. PSTN
Sun Feb 6 00:45:48 CST 2011 Untitled Document
台灣 PSTN 互連
Sun Feb 6 00:45:49 CST 2011 Untitled Document
網路互連
Sun Feb 6 00:45:49 CST 2011 Untitled Document
電信網路信號 (Signaling)
Sun Feb 6 00:45:49 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Call Flow
Sun Feb 6 00:45:49 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Wireless Technology

Wireless Technology
Sun Feb 6 00:45:50 CST 2011 Untitled Document
A Brief History
Sun Feb 6 00:45:50 CST 2011 Untitled Document
RF Signal Propagation
Sun Feb 6 00:45:50 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Spectrum Allocation

♦ Licenced Band

♦ ISM band

♦ RF band for celluar system < 3.5 GHz

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ITU-R defined ISM Bands
Sun Feb 6 00:45:51 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Spectrum Allocation - US
Sun Feb 6 00:45:52 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Spectrum Allocation - Singapo
Sun Feb 6 00:45:53 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Multipath Interference Problem
Sun Feb 6 00:45:53 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Multipath Interference Problem
Sun Feb 6 00:45:53 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Rain Attenuation
Sun Feb 6 00:45:54 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Doppler Effect
Sun Feb 6 00:45:54 CST 2011 Untitled Document
MultiAccess Technology
Sun Feb 6 00:45:54 CST 2011 Untitled Document
FDMA
Sun Feb 6 00:45:54 CST 2011 Untitled Document
TDMA
TDMA
Sun Feb 6 00:45:55 CST 2011 Untitled Document
TDMA
TDMA
Sun Feb 6 00:45:55 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Spread Spectrum
Sun Feb 6 00:45:55 CST 2011 Untitled Document
CDMA
Sun Feb 6 00:45:55 CST 2011 Untitled Document
雙工 (Full-Duplex)
Sun Feb 6 00:45:55 CST 2011 Untitled Document
行動通訊簡介
行動通訊簡介
Sun Feb 6 00:45:56 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Scopes of Mobile Communications
Sun Feb 6 00:45:56 CST 2011 Untitled Document
行動通訊簡史

♦ 1946 年公眾無線電話在美國 St. Louis 開始

♦ 高功率、高天線,大涵蓋區、連接 PSTN

♦ 低頻道量、用戶少

♦ 1976 年 New York Area 只有 543 客戶, 3700 門號

⊕ 蜂巢概念

♦ 頻道重複使用,加大容量

Sun Feb 6 00:45:56 CST 2011 Untitled Document
四細胞系統
Sun Feb 6 00:45:56 CST 2011 Untitled Document
七細胞系統
Sun Feb 6 00:45:57 CST 2011 Untitled Document
無線電接取服務
Sun Feb 6 00:45:57 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Base Station
Sun Feb 6 00:45:57 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Base Station
Sun Feb 6 00:45:58 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Base Station
Sun Feb 6 00:45:58 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Air Base Station
Sun Feb 6 00:45:58 CST 2011 Untitled Document
網路架構
Sun Feb 6 00:45:58 CST 2011 Untitled Document
行動電話網路與固定網路互連
Sun Feb 6 00:45:58 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Registration Procedure
Sun Feb 6 00:45:59 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Call Setup Procedure
Sun Feb 6 00:45:59 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Handoff
Sun Feb 6 00:45:59 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Inter-System Handoff
Sun Feb 6 00:45:59 CST 2011 Untitled Document
International Roaming
Sun Feb 6 00:46:00 CST 2011 Untitled Document
何謂GSM?
Sun Feb 6 00:46:00 CST 2011 Untitled Document
GSM的特色
Sun Feb 6 00:46:00 CST 2011 Untitled Document
SIM卡
Sun Feb 6 00:46:00 CST 2011 Untitled Document
PUK碼
Sun Feb 6 00:46:01 CST 2011 Untitled Document
IMEI
Sun Feb 6 00:46:01 CST 2011 Untitled Document
行動數據
Sun Feb 6 00:46:02 CST 2011 Untitled Document
GPRS 簡介
Sun Feb 6 00:46:02 CST 2011 Untitled Document
GPRS Architecture
Sun Feb 6 00:46:03 CST 2011 Untitled Document
3GSpeed
Sun Feb 6 00:46:03 CST 2011 Untitled Document
3GPP Reference Architecture
Sun Feb 6 00:46:03 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Logical 3G 網路元件
Sun Feb 6 00:46:04 CST 2011 Untitled Document
行動通訊癱瘓原因
Sun Feb 6 00:46:04 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Mobile Communications were Vulnerable
Sun Feb 6 00:46:04 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Mobile Communications were Vulnerable
Sun Feb 6 00:46:04 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Mobile Communications were Vulnerable
Sun Feb 6 00:46:05 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Mobile Communications were Vulnerable
Sun Feb 6 00:46:05 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Mobile Communications were Vulnerable
Sun Feb 6 00:46:05 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Voluntary MANET Based P2Pnet
Sun Feb 6 00:46:05 CST 2011 Untitled Document
衛星通訊

♦ Communication satellite serves as a signal repeater in

sky
Uplink 訊息由衛星傳送到地面通訊站
Downlink 訊息由地面通訊站傳送到到衛星。

地面通訊站(Earth Station) 可以傳送及接收訊號,
衛星部份 收發站。
地面衛星天線 大型、類似碟狀的天線,負責接收由衛星傳送的訊號。
Sun Feb 6 00:46:06 CST 2011 Untitled Document
衛星通訊系統特性

⊕ 通訊距離遠、覆蓋範圍廣大

⊕ 傳輸的價格全然不受距離長短的影響

⊕ 較不易受天然災害的影響

⊕ 通訊品質高、容量大

Sun Feb 6 00:46:06 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Synchronous Satellite
Sun Feb 6 00:46:07 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Synchronous Satellite
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衛星通訊頻率
C-band 2~3GHz
Ku-band 11~12GHz
Ka-band 28~40GHz
V-band 50 GHz
Sun Feb 6 00:46:07 CST 2011 Untitled Document
衛星通訊分類

⊕ 功能分類

DBS (Direct Broadcasting Satellite;) 衛星直播電視
FSS (Fixed Satellite Service) 固定通訊衛星服務 e.g. VSAT
MSS (Mobile Satellite Service) 行動通訊衛星服務 目前的衛星大哥大就是這種服務。

⊕ 高度分類

Name Full Name Attitude (miles) Amount needed to cover the earth
GEO (同步衛星) Geostational orbit 22,300 3
ICO (中軌衛星) Intermediate circular orbit 6,000 10
LEO (低軌衛星) Low earth orbit 500 48

♦ 軌道越高,轉速越慢

Sun Feb 6 00:46:08 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Iridium

      銥-計畫:利用66顆衛星構成通訊網

♦ 為了降低傳遞時間,必須使用低軌道衛星 (LEO)

♦ 低軌道衛星,轉速很快,handoff 時間約 13分鐘

♦ 6個軌道面,各軌道含11顆衛星

Sun Feb 6 00:46:08 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Space Objects

    「歐洲太空總署」發布的電腦模擬圖顯示,在人類51年的太空探險史中,共有近1萬7千個 人造物體,包括火箭殘骸、報廢衛星、以及仍在運行的衛星,包括美國、歐洲與中國在內 都發展出追蹤這些物體防止撞擊的系統,但是仍然防不勝防。(美聯社)

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What is GPS?
Sun Feb 6 00:46:08 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Selective Availability
Sun Feb 6 00:46:08 CST 2011 Untitled Document
GPS 衛星分佈狀況
Sun Feb 6 00:46:09 CST 2011 Untitled Document
衛星定位的原理
Sun Feb 6 00:46:09 CST 2011 Untitled Document
GPS的用途
Sun Feb 6 00:46:09 CST 2011 Untitled Document
WLAN 技術

⊕ 802.11 WLAN

⊕ MANET

⊕ Sensor Network

⊕ Bluetooth

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802.11 WLAN

♦ 2.4G ISM band 無線電頻段

♦ 802.11b 11 Mbps

♦ 802.11g 54 Mbps

♦ 802.11n (WiFi) 54Mbps�

♦ 距離因功率而有不同,目前是300m,可望到1km以上,

♦ 功率約1mW~100mW,為WiMax的千萬分之一

⊕ Operation Modes

♦ Infrastructure Mode

♦ Ad Hoc Mode

Sun Feb 6 00:46:10 CST 2011 Untitled Document
MANET
Mobile Ad Hoc Network
-1 7 Sun Feb 6 00:46:10 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Sensor Network
Sensor Network
-1 7 Sun Feb 6 00:46:10 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Bluetooth

♦ 採用 2.4G ISM band 無線電頻段,與 802.11 WLAN 互相干擾

♦ 距離較 802.11 WLAN 短,速度較低

♦ 適用於耳機等短距低速之用

♦ Pairing 造成使用者困擾,Bluetooth 2.1 之後可以改善

    Secure Simple Pairing - Just Works

    Bluetooth網路的基本單位稱為piconet,多個piconet則可構成一 scatternet。Piconet可視為是單細胞網路,而scatternet則是多細胞網路。

Sun Feb 6 00:46:10 CST 2011 Untitled Document
WiMAX
WiMAX

♦ Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

Sun Feb 6 00:46:11 CST 2011 Untitled Document
What is WiMax?

♦ IEEE 802.16

    802.16e (Mobile WiMAX)

♦ 為了解決「Last Mile」的難題

♦ 使用的頻段為2~11GHz,未來以3.5GHz 為主

♦ 頻寬傳輸速度最大70Mbps

♦ 最遠可及30miles(約48km),最佳在3~5miles

♦ 傳輸功率約在1000W

♦ 於2003年制訂規格,

    支援這項標準的主要有Intel、Alvarion、三星、富士通、Nokia、西門子等公司。

Sun Feb 6 00:46:11 CST 2011 Untitled Document
WiMAX vs. WLAN

♦ Is WiMAX really better than 802.11?

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行動計算的應用

♦ LBS (Location Based Service)

♦ iPhone

♦ Android

♦ P2Pnet

♦ 玉山計畫

Sun Feb 6 00:46:11 CST 2011 Untitled Document
Future

♦ 未來的世界,國際化越深,人的mobiilty 越來越高,
行動通訊與行動計算越來越重要

Sun Feb 6 00:46:11 CST 2011